The Problem of Categorization of the Geopolitical Status of the State in Modern Geopolitics
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Abstract
The following paper represents the review of the geopolitical status of the state as a category of geopolitics. The author introduces the comprehension dynamics of the geopolitical status of the state in the theories of classical geopolitics and modern researchers. The paper emphasizes the difficulties in categorizing the geopolitical status of the state as a subject of power distribution/redistribution, its resources and functions in the multidimensional geopolitical space. The concept of ‘geopolitical status of the state’ is clarified through an analysis of related concepts of ‘social status’, ‘legal status’, ‘political status’, as well as operationalization of the notion of ‘geopolitical space’. The author remarks with regard to the geopolitical status of the state, on the one hand, it structurally regulates the role configuration of the world order and allows the states to participate more effectively in the global competition. At the same time, on the other hand, it is often used as a manipulative technology in fixing the asymmetry of power relations between states in the ‘dominance – subordination’ format, as well as a technology of geopolitical stigmatization of states in their subjective marginalization.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61439/DMEN6140
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
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Balsa-Barreiro, J., Li, Y., Morales, A. J., & Pentland, A. (2019). Globalization and the shifting centers of gravity of world’s human dynamics: Implications for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 239, 117923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117923
Baranenkov, V. V. (2008). Juridical personality of military organizations. MPI.
Barnes, T. J., & Abrahamsson, C. (2015). Tangled complicities and moral struggles: the Haushofers, father and son, and the spaces of Nazi geopolitics. Journal of Historical Geography, 47, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2014.10.002
Barua, M. (2018). Ratzel’s biogeography: a more-than-human encounter. Journal of Historical Geography, 61, 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2018.05.015
Bazilian, M., Miller, M., Detchon, R., Liebreich, M., Blyth, W., Futch, M., Modi, V., Jones, L. E., Barkett, B., Howells, M., MacGill, I., Kammen, D. M., Mai, T., Wittenstein, M., Aggarwal, S., O’Malley, M., Carvallo, J. P., Welsch, M., Pugh, G., . . . Arent, D. J. (2013). Accelerating the global transformation to 21st century power systems. The Electricity Journal, 26(6), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2013.06.005
Black, J. (2019). Considering Power: Geopolitics and Strategies reassessed. Orbis, 63(1), 147–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2018.12.005
Bronk, C. (2015). Two securities: How contemporary cyber geopolitics impacts critical infrastructure protection. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2014.12.001
Browning, C. H. (2018). Geostrategies, geopolitics and ontological security in the Eastern neighbourhood: The European Union and the ‘new Cold War.’ Political Geography, 62, 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.10.009
Brennetot, A. (2015). The geographical and ethical origins of neoliberalism: The Walter Lippmann Colloquium and the foundations of a new geopolitical order. Political Geography, 49, 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.06.007
Brzeziński, Z. (2000). The Geostrategic Triad: Living with China, Europe, and Russia. DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies.
Carr, E. R. (2020). Resilient livelihoods in an era of global transformation. Global Environmental Change, 64, 102155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102155
Chiantera-Stutte, P. (2018). Ratzel’s stone guest: The art of politics in the work of Friedrich Ratzel. Journal of Historical Geography, 61, 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2018.04.009
Chomsky, N. (2012). Making the future: Occupations, Interventions, Empire and Resistance. Penguin UK.
Craggs, R. (2018). Subaltern geopolitics and the post-colonial Commonwealth, 1965–1990. Political Geography, 65, 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.04.003
Dalby, S. (2013). The geopolitics of climate change. Political Geography, 37, 38–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.09.004
Dnistryansky, M. (2010). Politichna geografiya ta geopolitika Ukrayini [Political Geography and Geopolitics of Ukraine]. Navchalna kniga “Bogdan.”
Efremova., T. F. (2006). The modern explanatory dictionary of Russian language. Astrel.
Fartushniak, L. (2015). Geopoliticheskij status gosudarstva: sushnostnye harakteristiki [Geopolitical status of the state: essential characteristics]. Journal of Scientific Publications of Postgraduate and Doctoral Students. http://www.jurnal.org/articles/2008/polit80.html
Fettweis, C. J. (2015). On Heartlands and Chessboards: Classical geopolitics, then and now. Orbis, 59(2), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2015.02.005
Fukuyama, F. (2018). Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Gadzhiev, K. (2014). Geopolitika (5th ed.) [Geopolitics]. Yurajt.
Galchinsky, A. (2002). Ukrayina - na perehresti geopolitichnih interesiv [Ukraine - at the crossroads of geopolitical interests]. Znannya Ukrayini.
Granieri, R. J. (2015). What is Geopolitics and Why Does It Matter? Orbis, 59(4), 491–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2015.08.003
Griffiths, S. (2019). Energy diplomacy in a time of energy transition. Energy Strategy Reviews, 26, 100386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100386
Haass, R. (2017). A world in disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order. Penguin.
Harris, J. (2020). Nativist-populism, the internet and the geopolitics of indigenous diaspora. Political Geography, 78, 102124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.102124
Hobson, K., & Lynch, N. (2016). Diversifying and de-growing the circular economy: Radical social transformation in a resource-scarce world. Futures, 82, 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2016.05.012
Hochberg, L., & Sloan, G. (2017). Mackinder’s geopolitical perspective revisited. Orbis, 61(4), 575–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2017.08.007
Hughes, B. B. (2016). International Futures (IFs) and integrated, long-term forecasting of global transformations. Futures, 81, 98–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2015.07.007
Kapitonenko, M. (2015). A World in Disorder. Ukraine Analytica, 1, 7–14.
Keohane, R. (2003). Power and governance in a partially globalized world. Routledge.
Khong, Y. F. (2019). Power as prestige in world politics. International Affairs, 95(1), 119–142. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy245
Kissinger, H. (2014). World Order: Reflections on the Character of Nations and the Course of History. Penguin UK.
Kjellén, R. (1930). Die Grossmächte vor und Nach dem Weltkriege. Teubner.
Komleva, N. A. (2010). Geopolitical status of the state: essence and typology. Geopolitics and Security, 1, 23–28.
Komleva, N. A. (2012). The structure of world domination. Prostranstvo I Vremya, 1, 37–46.
Korf, B., & Rowan, R. (2020). Arcane geopolitics: Heidegger, Schmitt and the political theology of Gnosticism. Political Geography, 80, 102159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102159
Kravchenko, A. I. (2002). Sociology: general course. Logos.
Laketa, S. (2019). “Even if it didn’t happen, it’s true”: The fantasy of geopolitics in the “post-truth” era. Emotion, Space and Society, 31, 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2018.01.002
Lane, J. M., & Pretes, M. (2020). Maritime dependency and economic prosperity: Why access to oceanic trade matters. Marine Policy, 121, 104180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104180
Larson, D. W. L., & Shevchenko, A. (2019). Quest for Status: Chinese and Russian Foreign Policy. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbnm3jd
Last, A. (2015). Fruit of the cyclone: Undoing geopolitics through geopoetics. Geoforum, 64, 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.05.019
Lepska, N. V. (2017). Space as a Fundamental Category in German-Centric Geopolitics. Political Life, 4, 108–114.
Lepska, N. V. (2018a). Analysis of the Level Organization of the Geopolitical Space in the Context of Transformation of the World’s Power Order. Gilea: Scientific Bulletin, 130, 322–327.
Lepska, N. V. (2018b). Diversification of the geopolitical space in the context of modern transformation of the world order. Visnyk of the Lviv University, 17, 201–208.
Mackinder, H. J. (1904). The Geographical Pivot of History. The Geographical Journal, 23(4).
Mahan, A. T. (1890). The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783. Little, Brown and Co.
Myers, G. (2013). Geopolitics at the margins? Reconsidering genealogies of critical geopolitics. Political Geography, 37, 33–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.04.002
Modelski, G., Devezas, T., & Thompson, W. R. (2007). Globalization as evolutionary process: Modeling Global Change. Routledge.
Murphy, D. T. (2018). ‘Retroactive effects’: Ratzel’s spatial dynamics and the expansionist imperative in interwar Germany. Journal of Historical Geography, 61, 86–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2018.05.006
Murray, M. (2018). The struggle for recognition in international relations: status, revisionism, and rising powers. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878900.001.0001
Nye, J. S. (2011). The future of power. PublicAffairs.
Overland, I. (2019). The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths. Energy Research & Social Science, 49, 36–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018
Paul, T. V., Larson, D. W., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2014). Status in world politics. Cambridge University Press.
Ratzel, F. (1897). Political Geography. R. Oldenbourg.
Renshon, J. (2017). Fighting for status: Hierarchy and conflict in world politics. Princeton University Press.
Robin, E., & Acuto, M. (2018). Global urban policy and the geopolitics of urban data. Political Geography, 66, 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.08.013
Rudich, F. (2009). Politologiya [Political Science]. Libid.
Scholten, D., Bazilian, M., Øverland, I., & Westphal, K. (2020). The geopolitics of renewables: New board, new game. Energy Policy, 138, 111059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111059
Shaptalov, B. (2009). Teoriya i praktika ekspansionizma: Opyt silnyh derzhav [Theory and Practice of Expansionism: The Experience of Strong Powers]. Librokom.
Sharp, J. (2013). Geopolitics at the margins? Reconsidering genealogies of critical geopolitics. Political Geography, 37, 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.04.006
Skakun, O. F. (2000). Theory of State and Law. Konsum.
Sloan, G. (2020). Sir Halford Mackinder’s Democratic Ideals and Reality: A centennial appreciation. Orbis, 64(1), 4–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2019.12.002
Slyvka, R. (2015). Dynamics of territorial and political conflicts in the world. Human Geography Journal, 21(2), 26–40.
Spykman, N. J. (1944). The Geography of the Peace. Harcourt.
Strezhnev, M. S. (Ed.). (2011). Transnational political spaces: phenomenon and practice. Ves mir.
Szulecki, K. (2015). Heretical geopolitics of Central Europe. Dissidents intellectuals and an alternative European order. Geoforum, 65, 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.07.008
Tynyanova, O. (2010). Kognitivnoe modelirovanie geopoliticheskih processov [Cognitive modeling of geopolitical processes]. Izvestiya Uralskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 3(94), 70–93.
Vasylenko, S. D., & Vasylenko, M. D. (2007). Geopolitika Ukrayini [Geopolitics of Ukraine]. Druk.
Wallace, M., Gauchat, G., & Fullerton, A. S. (2011). Globalization, labor market transformation, and metropolitan earnings inequality. Social Science Research, 40(1), 15–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.07.001
Watanabe, A. (2018). Greater East Asia Geopolitics and its geopolitical imagination of a borderless world: A neglected tradition? Political Geography, 67, 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.09.005
Balsa-Barreiro, J., Li, Y., Morales, A. J., & Pentland, A. (2019). Globalization and the shifting centers of gravity of world’s human dynamics: Implications for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 239, 117923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117923
Baranenkov, V. V. (2008). Juridical personality of military organizations. MPI.
Barnes, T. J., & Abrahamsson, C. (2015). Tangled complicities and moral struggles: the Haushofers, father and son, and the spaces of Nazi geopolitics. Journal of Historical Geography, 47, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2014.10.002
Barua, M. (2018). Ratzel’s biogeography: a more-than-human encounter. Journal of Historical Geography, 61, 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2018.05.015
Bazilian, M., Miller, M., Detchon, R., Liebreich, M., Blyth, W., Futch, M., Modi, V., Jones, L. E., Barkett, B., Howells, M., MacGill, I., Kammen, D. M., Mai, T., Wittenstein, M., Aggarwal, S., O’Malley, M., Carvallo, J. P., Welsch, M., Pugh, G., . . . Arent, D. J. (2013). Accelerating the global transformation to 21st century power systems. The Electricity Journal, 26(6), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2013.06.005
Black, J. (2019). Considering Power: Geopolitics and Strategies reassessed. Orbis, 63(1), 147–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2018.12.005
Bronk, C. (2015). Two securities: How contemporary cyber geopolitics impacts critical infrastructure protection. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2014.12.001
Browning, C. H. (2018). Geostrategies, geopolitics and ontological security in the Eastern neighbourhood: The European Union and the ‘new Cold War.’ Political Geography, 62, 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.10.009
Brennetot, A. (2015). The geographical and ethical origins of neoliberalism: The Walter Lippmann Colloquium and the foundations of a new geopolitical order. Political Geography, 49, 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.06.007
Brzeziński, Z. (2000). The Geostrategic Triad: Living with China, Europe, and Russia. DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies.
Carr, E. R. (2020). Resilient livelihoods in an era of global transformation. Global Environmental Change, 64, 102155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102155
Chiantera-Stutte, P. (2018). Ratzel’s stone guest: The art of politics in the work of Friedrich Ratzel. Journal of Historical Geography, 61, 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2018.04.009
Chomsky, N. (2012). Making the future: Occupations, Interventions, Empire and Resistance. Penguin UK.
Craggs, R. (2018). Subaltern geopolitics and the post-colonial Commonwealth, 1965–1990. Political Geography, 65, 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.04.003
Dalby, S. (2013). The geopolitics of climate change. Political Geography, 37, 38–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.09.004
Dnistryansky, M. (2010). Politichna geografiya ta geopolitika Ukrayini [Political Geography and Geopolitics of Ukraine]. Navchalna kniga “Bogdan.”
Efremova., T. F. (2006). The modern explanatory dictionary of Russian language. Astrel.
Fartushniak, L. (2015). Geopoliticheskij status gosudarstva: sushnostnye harakteristiki [Geopolitical status of the state: essential characteristics]. Journal of Scientific Publications of Postgraduate and Doctoral Students. http://www.jurnal.org/articles/2008/polit80.html
Fettweis, C. J. (2015). On Heartlands and Chessboards: Classical geopolitics, then and now. Orbis, 59(2), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2015.02.005
Fukuyama, F. (2018). Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Gadzhiev, K. (2014). Geopolitika (5th ed.) [Geopolitics]. Yurajt.
Galchinsky, A. (2002). Ukrayina - na perehresti geopolitichnih interesiv [Ukraine - at the crossroads of geopolitical interests]. Znannya Ukrayini.
Granieri, R. J. (2015). What is Geopolitics and Why Does It Matter? Orbis, 59(4), 491–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2015.08.003
Griffiths, S. (2019). Energy diplomacy in a time of energy transition. Energy Strategy Reviews, 26, 100386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100386
Haass, R. (2017). A world in disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order. Penguin.
Harris, J. (2020). Nativist-populism, the internet and the geopolitics of indigenous diaspora. Political Geography, 78, 102124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.102124
Hobson, K., & Lynch, N. (2016). Diversifying and de-growing the circular economy: Radical social transformation in a resource-scarce world. Futures, 82, 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2016.05.012
Hochberg, L., & Sloan, G. (2017). Mackinder’s geopolitical perspective revisited. Orbis, 61(4), 575–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2017.08.007
Hughes, B. B. (2016). International Futures (IFs) and integrated, long-term forecasting of global transformations. Futures, 81, 98–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2015.07.007
Kapitonenko, M. (2015). A World in Disorder. Ukraine Analytica, 1, 7–14.
Keohane, R. (2003). Power and governance in a partially globalized world. Routledge.
Khong, Y. F. (2019). Power as prestige in world politics. International Affairs, 95(1), 119–142. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy245
Kissinger, H. (2014). World Order: Reflections on the Character of Nations and the Course of History. Penguin UK.
Kjellén, R. (1930). Die Grossmächte vor und Nach dem Weltkriege. Teubner.
Komleva, N. A. (2010). Geopolitical status of the state: essence and typology. Geopolitics and Security, 1, 23–28.
Komleva, N. A. (2012). The structure of world domination. Prostranstvo I Vremya, 1, 37–46.
Korf, B., & Rowan, R. (2020). Arcane geopolitics: Heidegger, Schmitt and the political theology of Gnosticism. Political Geography, 80, 102159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102159
Kravchenko, A. I. (2002). Sociology: general course. Logos.
Laketa, S. (2019). “Even if it didn’t happen, it’s true”: The fantasy of geopolitics in the “post-truth” era. Emotion, Space and Society, 31, 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2018.01.002
Lane, J. M., & Pretes, M. (2020). Maritime dependency and economic prosperity: Why access to oceanic trade matters. Marine Policy, 121, 104180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104180
Larson, D. W. L., & Shevchenko, A. (2019). Quest for Status: Chinese and Russian Foreign Policy. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbnm3jd
Last, A. (2015). Fruit of the cyclone: Undoing geopolitics through geopoetics. Geoforum, 64, 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.05.019
Lepska, N. V. (2017). Space as a Fundamental Category in German-Centric Geopolitics. Political Life, 4, 108–114.
Lepska, N. V. (2018a). Analysis of the Level Organization of the Geopolitical Space in the Context of Transformation of the World’s Power Order. Gilea: Scientific Bulletin, 130, 322–327.
Lepska, N. V. (2018b). Diversification of the geopolitical space in the context of modern transformation of the world order. Visnyk of the Lviv University, 17, 201–208.
Mackinder, H. J. (1904). The Geographical Pivot of History. The Geographical Journal, 23(4).
Mahan, A. T. (1890). The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783. Little, Brown and Co.
Myers, G. (2013). Geopolitics at the margins? Reconsidering genealogies of critical geopolitics. Political Geography, 37, 33–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.04.002
Modelski, G., Devezas, T., & Thompson, W. R. (2007). Globalization as evolutionary process: Modeling Global Change. Routledge.
Murphy, D. T. (2018). ‘Retroactive effects’: Ratzel’s spatial dynamics and the expansionist imperative in interwar Germany. Journal of Historical Geography, 61, 86–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2018.05.006
Murray, M. (2018). The struggle for recognition in international relations: status, revisionism, and rising powers. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878900.001.0001
Nye, J. S. (2011). The future of power. PublicAffairs.
Overland, I. (2019). The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths. Energy Research & Social Science, 49, 36–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018
Paul, T. V., Larson, D. W., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2014). Status in world politics. Cambridge University Press.
Ratzel, F. (1897). Political Geography. R. Oldenbourg.
Renshon, J. (2017). Fighting for status: Hierarchy and conflict in world politics. Princeton University Press.
Robin, E., & Acuto, M. (2018). Global urban policy and the geopolitics of urban data. Political Geography, 66, 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.08.013
Rudich, F. (2009). Politologiya [Political Science]. Libid.
Scholten, D., Bazilian, M., Øverland, I., & Westphal, K. (2020). The geopolitics of renewables: New board, new game. Energy Policy, 138, 111059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111059
Shaptalov, B. (2009). Teoriya i praktika ekspansionizma: Opyt silnyh derzhav [Theory and Practice of Expansionism: The Experience of Strong Powers]. Librokom.
Sharp, J. (2013). Geopolitics at the margins? Reconsidering genealogies of critical geopolitics. Political Geography, 37, 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.04.006
Skakun, O. F. (2000). Theory of State and Law. Konsum.
Sloan, G. (2020). Sir Halford Mackinder’s Democratic Ideals and Reality: A centennial appreciation. Orbis, 64(1), 4–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2019.12.002
Slyvka, R. (2015). Dynamics of territorial and political conflicts in the world. Human Geography Journal, 21(2), 26–40.
Spykman, N. J. (1944). The Geography of the Peace. Harcourt.
Strezhnev, M. S. (Ed.). (2011). Transnational political spaces: phenomenon and practice. Ves mir.
Szulecki, K. (2015). Heretical geopolitics of Central Europe. Dissidents intellectuals and an alternative European order. Geoforum, 65, 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.07.008
Tynyanova, O. (2010). Kognitivnoe modelirovanie geopoliticheskih processov [Cognitive modeling of geopolitical processes]. Izvestiya Uralskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 3(94), 70–93.
Vasylenko, S. D., & Vasylenko, M. D. (2007). Geopolitika Ukrayini [Geopolitics of Ukraine]. Druk.
Wallace, M., Gauchat, G., & Fullerton, A. S. (2011). Globalization, labor market transformation, and metropolitan earnings inequality. Social Science Research, 40(1), 15–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.07.001
Watanabe, A. (2018). Greater East Asia Geopolitics and its geopolitical imagination of a borderless world: A neglected tradition? Political Geography, 67, 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.09.005