History of the Martin Achtnich Occupational Orientation Test
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Abstract
The following paper reviews the history of the projective psychological methodology - the Test of Photos of Professions or BBT (abbr. from German Berufbildertest), providing diagnostics and identification of individual professional aptitudes and predispositions of an individual. In Switzerland, the psychologist and vocational counselor Martin Achtnich created this professional orientation test in the 20th century, and since then it has become widespread not only in Europe but also abroad.
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References
Achtnich, M. (1971). Berufsbilder-Test: Männliche Bilder [Test of Photos of Professions: Male images]. Verlag Hans Huber.
Achtnich, M. (1973). Berufsbilder-Test:Weibliche Bilder [Test of Photos of Professions: Female images]. Verlag Hans Huber.
Achtnich, M. (1979). Der Berufsbilder-Test: projektives Verfahren zur Abklärung der Berufsneigung [Test of Photos of Professions: projective procedure for clarifying career inclinations]. Hans Huber.
Dirlam, J., & Zheng, H. (2017). Job satisfaction developmental trajectories and health: A life course perspective. Social Science & Medicine, 178, 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.040
Fakkel, M., Peeters, M., Lugtig, P., Zondervan‐Zwijnenburg, M., Blok, E., White, T., Van Der Meulen, M., Kevenaar, S. T., Willemsen, G., Bartels, M., Boomsma, D. I., Schmengler, H., Branje, S., & Vollebergh, W. (2020). Testing sampling bias in estimates of adolescent social competence and behavioral control. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 46, 100872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100872
Haar, J., Russo, M., Suñe, A., & Ollier‐Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work–life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 361–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010
Hoff, K., Song, Q. C., Wee, C., Phan, W. M. J., & Rounds, J. (2020). Interest fit and job satisfaction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 123, 103503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103503
Karanikola, M., Zartaloudi, A., Nystazaki, M., Zavrou, R., & Papathanassoglou, E. (2020). Is there any association among depressive symptoms, job satisfaction and self-assessed empathy? A correlational study in Greek Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurses. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34(4), 230–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.04.006
Király, O., Sleczka, P., Pontes, H. M., Urbán, R., Griffiths, M. D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2017). Validation of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) and evaluation of the nine DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder criteria. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.005
Kumar, D., Nizamie, S. H., Abhishek, P., & Prasanna, L. T. (2014). Identification of suicidal ideations with the help of projective tests: A review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 12, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2014.07.004
Labuschagne, I., Grace, C., Rendell, P. G., Terrett, G., & Heinrichs, M. (2019). An introductory guide to conducting the Trier Social Stress Test. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 107, 686–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.032
Maltsev, O. V. (2019). Filosofiya Sondi [Philosophy of Szondi]. Serednyak T. K. https://books.google.com.ua/books?vid=ISBN6177822258
Newspaper of International Schicksalsanalyse Community Research Institute. (2018, December 23). The history of the Martin Achtnich Vocational Guidance Test. Your Fate. https://your-fate.com/world-fa/item/789-story-of-the-bbt-by-martin-achtnich.html
Pasian, S. R., Okino, E. T. K., & Melo-Silva, L. L. (2007). O Teste de Fotos de Profissões (BBT) de Achtnich: histórico e pesquisas desenvolvidas no Brasil. Psico-USF, 12(2), 173–187. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-82712007000200006
Siciliano, V., Bastiani, L., Mezzasalma, L., Thanki, D., Curzio, O., & Molinaro, S. (2015). Validation of a new Short Problematic Internet Use Test in a nationally representative sample of adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.097
Smith, M. M., Sherry, S., Vidovic, V., Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (2020). Why does perfectionism confer risk for depressive symptoms? A meta-analytic test of the mediating role of stress and social disconnection. Journal of Research in Personality, 86, 103954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103954
Szondi, L. (1944). Schicksalsanalyse: Wahl in Liebe, Freundschaft, Beruf, Krankheit und Tod [Fate Analysis: Choosing Love, Friendship, Profession, Illness, and Death]. Schwabe.
Szondi, L. (1960). Lehrbuch der experimentellen triebdiagnostik [Textbook of experimental drive diagnostics]. Hans Huber.
Szondi, L. (1969). Kain, Gestalten des Bösen [Cain, figures of evil]. Hans Huber.
Thibaudeau, É., Cellard, C., Legendre, M., Villeneuve, K., & Achim, A. M. (2018). Reliability of two social cognition tests: The combined stories test and the social knowledge test. Psychiatry Research, 262, 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.026
Tiefenbach, T., & Kohlbacher, F. (2015). Individual differences in the relationship between domain satisfaction and happiness: The moderating role of domain importance. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 82–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.040
Turel, O., & Serenko, A. (2020). Cognitive biases and excessive use of social media: The facebook implicit associations test (FIAT). Addictive Behaviors, 105, 106328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106328
Walsh, G., Schaarschmidt, M., & Von Kortzfleisch, H. F. O. (2016). Employees’ company reputation-related social media competence: scale development and validation. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 36, 46–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2016.05.001
Achtnich, M. (1973). Berufsbilder-Test:Weibliche Bilder [Test of Photos of Professions: Female images]. Verlag Hans Huber.
Achtnich, M. (1979). Der Berufsbilder-Test: projektives Verfahren zur Abklärung der Berufsneigung [Test of Photos of Professions: projective procedure for clarifying career inclinations]. Hans Huber.
Dirlam, J., & Zheng, H. (2017). Job satisfaction developmental trajectories and health: A life course perspective. Social Science & Medicine, 178, 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.040
Fakkel, M., Peeters, M., Lugtig, P., Zondervan‐Zwijnenburg, M., Blok, E., White, T., Van Der Meulen, M., Kevenaar, S. T., Willemsen, G., Bartels, M., Boomsma, D. I., Schmengler, H., Branje, S., & Vollebergh, W. (2020). Testing sampling bias in estimates of adolescent social competence and behavioral control. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 46, 100872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100872
Haar, J., Russo, M., Suñe, A., & Ollier‐Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work–life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 361–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010
Hoff, K., Song, Q. C., Wee, C., Phan, W. M. J., & Rounds, J. (2020). Interest fit and job satisfaction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 123, 103503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103503
Karanikola, M., Zartaloudi, A., Nystazaki, M., Zavrou, R., & Papathanassoglou, E. (2020). Is there any association among depressive symptoms, job satisfaction and self-assessed empathy? A correlational study in Greek Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurses. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34(4), 230–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.04.006
Király, O., Sleczka, P., Pontes, H. M., Urbán, R., Griffiths, M. D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2017). Validation of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) and evaluation of the nine DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder criteria. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.005
Kumar, D., Nizamie, S. H., Abhishek, P., & Prasanna, L. T. (2014). Identification of suicidal ideations with the help of projective tests: A review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 12, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2014.07.004
Labuschagne, I., Grace, C., Rendell, P. G., Terrett, G., & Heinrichs, M. (2019). An introductory guide to conducting the Trier Social Stress Test. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 107, 686–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.032
Maltsev, O. V. (2019). Filosofiya Sondi [Philosophy of Szondi]. Serednyak T. K. https://books.google.com.ua/books?vid=ISBN6177822258
Newspaper of International Schicksalsanalyse Community Research Institute. (2018, December 23). The history of the Martin Achtnich Vocational Guidance Test. Your Fate. https://your-fate.com/world-fa/item/789-story-of-the-bbt-by-martin-achtnich.html
Pasian, S. R., Okino, E. T. K., & Melo-Silva, L. L. (2007). O Teste de Fotos de Profissões (BBT) de Achtnich: histórico e pesquisas desenvolvidas no Brasil. Psico-USF, 12(2), 173–187. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-82712007000200006
Siciliano, V., Bastiani, L., Mezzasalma, L., Thanki, D., Curzio, O., & Molinaro, S. (2015). Validation of a new Short Problematic Internet Use Test in a nationally representative sample of adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.097
Smith, M. M., Sherry, S., Vidovic, V., Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (2020). Why does perfectionism confer risk for depressive symptoms? A meta-analytic test of the mediating role of stress and social disconnection. Journal of Research in Personality, 86, 103954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103954
Szondi, L. (1944). Schicksalsanalyse: Wahl in Liebe, Freundschaft, Beruf, Krankheit und Tod [Fate Analysis: Choosing Love, Friendship, Profession, Illness, and Death]. Schwabe.
Szondi, L. (1960). Lehrbuch der experimentellen triebdiagnostik [Textbook of experimental drive diagnostics]. Hans Huber.
Szondi, L. (1969). Kain, Gestalten des Bösen [Cain, figures of evil]. Hans Huber.
Thibaudeau, É., Cellard, C., Legendre, M., Villeneuve, K., & Achim, A. M. (2018). Reliability of two social cognition tests: The combined stories test and the social knowledge test. Psychiatry Research, 262, 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.026
Tiefenbach, T., & Kohlbacher, F. (2015). Individual differences in the relationship between domain satisfaction and happiness: The moderating role of domain importance. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 82–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.040
Turel, O., & Serenko, A. (2020). Cognitive biases and excessive use of social media: The facebook implicit associations test (FIAT). Addictive Behaviors, 105, 106328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106328
Walsh, G., Schaarschmidt, M., & Von Kortzfleisch, H. F. O. (2016). Employees’ company reputation-related social media competence: scale development and validation. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 36, 46–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2016.05.001