Psychic Transformation Amidst Battle: Understanding PTSD and Combat-Related Psychic Trauma
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Feb 24, 2023
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Abstract
This paper presents a conceptual framework for understanding post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychological battle fatigue (BF) as outcomes of mental adaptation to changing environmental conditions. These conditions are primarily linked to the experience of war, military threats, and the broader challenges of the global landscape. It is worth emphasizing that these challenges have, without exaggeration, affected the global population in 2022.
The pressing need for research on PTSD and BF is driven not only by the significant shifts in global military events but also by the absence of fundamental methodological research that aligns with the demands of the 21st century. The author has identified crucial issues that form the basis for further comprehensive scientific and practical investigations. The overarching goal of this research is to develop effective methodologies and establish rehabilitation programs tailored to the specific needs of combatants, internally displaced individuals, and civilians residing in war-affected regions.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61439/PSWS6072
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
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Elvevåg, B., & DeLisi, L. E. (2022). The mental health consequences on children of the war in Ukraine: A commentary. Psychiatry Research, 317, 114798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114798
Fredman, S. J., Macdonald, A., Monson, C. M., Dondanville, K. A., Blount, T. H., Hall-Clark, B. N., Fina, B. A., Mintz, J., Litz, B. T., Young‐McCaughan, S., Hancock, A. K., Rhoades, G. K., Yarvis, J. S., Resick, P. A., Roache, J. D., Le, Y., Wachen, J. S., Niles, B. L., McGeary, C. A., . . . Peterson, A. L. (2020). Intensive, Multi-Couple Group Therapy for PTSD: a nonrandomized pilot study with military and veteran DyAds. Behavior Therapy, 51(5), 700–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2019.10.003
Freud, S. (1921). Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse [Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego]. Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag Wien.
Herzog, P., & Kaiser, T. (2022). Is it worth it to personalize the treatment of PTSD? – A variance-ratio meta-analysis and estimation of treatment effect heterogeneity in RCTs of PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 91, 102611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102611
Horn, S. R., & Feder, A. (2018). Understanding resilience and preventing and treating PTSD. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 26(3), 158–174. https://doi.org/10.1097/hrp.0000000000000194
Janoff-Bulman, R., & Timko, C. (1987). Coping with dramatic life events: The role of denial in light of people’s assumptive worlds. In C. R. Snyder & C. E. Ford (Eds.), Coping with negative life events: Clinical and social psychological perspectives (pp. 135–159). Springer US.
Karayani, A. (2016). Nastolnaya kniga voennogo psihologa. Prakticheskoe posobie [A military psychologist’s handbook. Practical manual]. Litres.
McLean, C. P., Levy, H. C., Miller, M. L., & Tolin, D. F. (2022). Exposure therapy for PTSD in military populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 90, 102607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102607
NICE. (2018, December 5). Post-traumatic stress disorder. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116/chapter/Recommendations#recognition-of-posttraumatic-stress-disorder_
Norman, S. B., Nichter, B., Maguen, S., Na, P. J., Schnurr, P. P., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2022). Moral injury among U.S. combat veterans with and without PTSD and depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 154, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.033
Peterson, A. L., Young‐McCaughan, S., Roache, J. D., Mintz, J., Litz, B. T., Williamson, D. E., Resick, P. A., Foa, E. B., McGeary, D. D., Dondanville, K. A., Taylor, D. J., Wachen, J. S., Fox, P. T., Bryan, C. J., McLean, C. P., Pruiksma, K. E., Yarvis, J. S., Niles, B. L., Abdallah, C. G., . . . Keane, T. M. (2021). STRONG STAR and the Consortium to Alleviate PTSD: Shaping the future of combat PTSD and related conditions in military and veteran populations. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 110, 106583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2021.106583
Phase of war-induced psychological mobilization of Ukrainians continues. (2022, September 13). Interfax. https://interfax.com.ua/news/press-conference/858460.html
Rauch, S. a. M., Kim, H. M., Acierno, R., Ragin, C., Wangelin, B. C., Blitch, K. A., Muzzy, W., Hart, S., Zivin, K., & Cigrang, J. A. (2022). Improving function through primary care treatment of PTSD: The IMPACT study protocol. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 120, 106881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2022.106881
Reisman, M. (2016). PTSD Treatment for Veterans: What’s Working, What’s New, and What’s Next. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 41(10), 623–634.
Straud, C. L., Blount, T. H., Foa, E. B., Brown, L. A., McLean, C. P., McGeary, C. A., Koch, L. M., Schobitz, R. P., & Peterson, A. L. (2022). Intensive Outpatient Program Using Prolonged Exposure for Combat-Related PTSD: a case study. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 29(3), 710–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.06.001
Vernor, D. (2019, October 8). PTSD is More Likely in Women Than Men. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/October-2019/PTSD-is-More-Likely-in-Women-Than-Men#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20National%20Center,compared%20to%204%25%20of%20men
Voloshin, P., Maruta, N., Shestopalova, L., Linsky, I., Podkorytov, V., Lipatov, I., Buchok, Y., & Zavorotny, V. (2014). Diagnostika, Terapiya ta Profilaktika Medikopsihologichnih Naslidkiv Bojovih Dij v Suchasnih Umovah [Diagnostics, therapy and prevention of medical and psychological consequences of combat actions in modern conditions: guidelines.]. Institute of Neurology, Psychiatry and Narcology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine.
Department of the Army. (2009, March). Field Manual FM 6—22.5. Combat and operational stress control manual for leaders andsoldiers. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/6-22-5/fm6-22-5_2009.pdf
Elvevåg, B., & DeLisi, L. E. (2022). The mental health consequences on children of the war in Ukraine: A commentary. Psychiatry Research, 317, 114798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114798
Fredman, S. J., Macdonald, A., Monson, C. M., Dondanville, K. A., Blount, T. H., Hall-Clark, B. N., Fina, B. A., Mintz, J., Litz, B. T., Young‐McCaughan, S., Hancock, A. K., Rhoades, G. K., Yarvis, J. S., Resick, P. A., Roache, J. D., Le, Y., Wachen, J. S., Niles, B. L., McGeary, C. A., . . . Peterson, A. L. (2020). Intensive, Multi-Couple Group Therapy for PTSD: a nonrandomized pilot study with military and veteran DyAds. Behavior Therapy, 51(5), 700–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2019.10.003
Freud, S. (1921). Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse [Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego]. Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag Wien.
Herzog, P., & Kaiser, T. (2022). Is it worth it to personalize the treatment of PTSD? – A variance-ratio meta-analysis and estimation of treatment effect heterogeneity in RCTs of PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 91, 102611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102611
Horn, S. R., & Feder, A. (2018). Understanding resilience and preventing and treating PTSD. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 26(3), 158–174. https://doi.org/10.1097/hrp.0000000000000194
Janoff-Bulman, R., & Timko, C. (1987). Coping with dramatic life events: The role of denial in light of people’s assumptive worlds. In C. R. Snyder & C. E. Ford (Eds.), Coping with negative life events: Clinical and social psychological perspectives (pp. 135–159). Springer US.
Karayani, A. (2016). Nastolnaya kniga voennogo psihologa. Prakticheskoe posobie [A military psychologist’s handbook. Practical manual]. Litres.
McLean, C. P., Levy, H. C., Miller, M. L., & Tolin, D. F. (2022). Exposure therapy for PTSD in military populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 90, 102607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102607
NICE. (2018, December 5). Post-traumatic stress disorder. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116/chapter/Recommendations#recognition-of-posttraumatic-stress-disorder_
Norman, S. B., Nichter, B., Maguen, S., Na, P. J., Schnurr, P. P., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2022). Moral injury among U.S. combat veterans with and without PTSD and depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 154, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.033
Peterson, A. L., Young‐McCaughan, S., Roache, J. D., Mintz, J., Litz, B. T., Williamson, D. E., Resick, P. A., Foa, E. B., McGeary, D. D., Dondanville, K. A., Taylor, D. J., Wachen, J. S., Fox, P. T., Bryan, C. J., McLean, C. P., Pruiksma, K. E., Yarvis, J. S., Niles, B. L., Abdallah, C. G., . . . Keane, T. M. (2021). STRONG STAR and the Consortium to Alleviate PTSD: Shaping the future of combat PTSD and related conditions in military and veteran populations. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 110, 106583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2021.106583
Phase of war-induced psychological mobilization of Ukrainians continues. (2022, September 13). Interfax. https://interfax.com.ua/news/press-conference/858460.html
Rauch, S. a. M., Kim, H. M., Acierno, R., Ragin, C., Wangelin, B. C., Blitch, K. A., Muzzy, W., Hart, S., Zivin, K., & Cigrang, J. A. (2022). Improving function through primary care treatment of PTSD: The IMPACT study protocol. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 120, 106881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2022.106881
Reisman, M. (2016). PTSD Treatment for Veterans: What’s Working, What’s New, and What’s Next. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 41(10), 623–634.
Straud, C. L., Blount, T. H., Foa, E. B., Brown, L. A., McLean, C. P., McGeary, C. A., Koch, L. M., Schobitz, R. P., & Peterson, A. L. (2022). Intensive Outpatient Program Using Prolonged Exposure for Combat-Related PTSD: a case study. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 29(3), 710–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.06.001
Vernor, D. (2019, October 8). PTSD is More Likely in Women Than Men. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/October-2019/PTSD-is-More-Likely-in-Women-Than-Men#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20National%20Center,compared%20to%204%25%20of%20men
Voloshin, P., Maruta, N., Shestopalova, L., Linsky, I., Podkorytov, V., Lipatov, I., Buchok, Y., & Zavorotny, V. (2014). Diagnostika, Terapiya ta Profilaktika Medikopsihologichnih Naslidkiv Bojovih Dij v Suchasnih Umovah [Diagnostics, therapy and prevention of medical and psychological consequences of combat actions in modern conditions: guidelines.]. Institute of Neurology, Psychiatry and Narcology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine.