How to Use Methods of Visual Sociology to Study Global Threats
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Abstract
This paper argues for the significance of employing visual sociology methods to study global threats. The central theme revolves around the human tendency to struggle with recognizing shared humanity, often resorting to negative stereotyping that contributes to dehumanization and social injustices. The author draws on decades of experience in using visual semiotics to confront the stigmatization of diverse communities, emphasizing the role of the visual in reshaping perceptions. Addressing the dehumanization inherent in conflicts, the author emphasizes the importance of recognizing the "Other" as part of the human family, advocating for a right to be seen and represented in diverse ways. The essay critiques historical and contemporary visual practices that exclude and denigrate minorities, citing examples from film history and modern media. It underscores the persistence of negative stereotypes and advocates for counter-narratives that portray the diversity and humanity of marginalized groups. The conclusion reaffirms the author's commitment to using visual technologies and emphasizes the integration of visual technology with traditional approaches as a means to foster a deeper understanding of our multicultural world.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61439/LZPR9241
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
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Berger, J. (2013). Understanding a photograph (G. Dyer, Ed.). Aperture.
Barthes, R. (1985). The Responsibility of Forms: Critical essays on music, art, and representation (R. Howard, Trans.). Basil Blackwell.
Bonache, J., Langinier, H., & Zárraga‐Oberty, C. (2016). Antecedents and effects of host country nationals negative stereotyping of corporate expatriates. A social identity analysis. Human Resource Management Review, 26(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.08.001
Bougias, A., Episcopos, A., & Leledakis, G. N. (2022). Valuation of European firms during the Russia–Ukraine war. Economics Letters, 218, 110750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2022.110750
Croom, A. (2015). Slurs, stereotypes, and in-equality: a critical review of “How Epithets and Stereotypes are Racially Unequal.” Language Sciences, 52, 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2014.03.001
De Certeau, M. (1985). Practices of space. In M. Blonsky (Ed.), On Signs (pp. 122–145). Johns Hopkins Press.
Delisle, J. (2022). China’s Russia/Ukraine problem, and why It’s bad for almost everyone else too. Orbis, 66(3), 402–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2022.05.009
Del Lo, G., Marcelin, I., Bassène, T., & Sène, B. (2022). The Russo-Ukrainian war and financial markets: the role of dependence on Russian commodities. Finance Research Letters, 50, 103194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103194
Durante, F., & Fiske, S. T. (2017). How social-class stereotypes maintain inequality. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.033
El-Aswad, E. (2013). Images of Muslims in Western Scholarship and Media after 9/11. Digest of Middle East Studies, 22(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12010
Frers, L., & Meier, L. (2007). Encountering Urban Places: Visual and Material Performances in the City. Ashgate Publishing.
Gottdiener, M. (1985). The Social Production of Urban Space. University of Texas Press.
Grady, J. (1996). The Scope of Visual Sociology. Visual Sociology, 11(2), 10–24.
Griffith, D. W. (Director). (1915). The Birth of a Nation [Film]. David W. Griffith Corp.
Harvey, D. (1989). The Urban Experience. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Haslam, N., & Stratemeyer, M. (2016). Recent research on dehumanization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.009
Hayden, D. (1990). The Potential of Ethnic Places for Urban Landscapes. Places, 7(1), 11–17.
Helfand, I., Lewis, P., & Haines, A. (2022). Reducing the risks of nuclear war to humanity. The Lancet, 399(10330), 1097–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00422-6
Heinrich, T. (2013). Endogenous negative stereotypes: A similarity-based approach. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 92, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.04.016
Hippler, F. (Director). (1940). The Eternal Jew [Film]. Deutsche Filmherstellungs- und Verwertungs-GmbH (DFG).
Husserl, E. (1982). Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy (F. Kersten., Trans.). Nijhoff.
Jackson, J. B. (1985). Discovering the Vernacular Landscape. Yale University Press.
Jhally, S. (Director). (2006). Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People [Film]. Media Education Foundation.
Kim, Y., & Loury, G. C. (2019). To be, or not to be: Stereotypes, identity choice and group inequality. Journal of Public Economics, 174, 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.009
Krase, J. (1973). The presentation of community in urban society [Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University]. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms #74–1916.
Krase, J. (1977). Reactions to the stigmata of inner city living. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 4(7), 997–1010.
Krase, J. (1982). Self and Community in the City. University Press of America.
Krase, J. (2003). Chinatown: A Visual Approach to Ethnic Spectacles. In CUNY Bulletin of Asian American/Asian Affairs. the Proceedings of the Asian American Conference “Education: Challenges and Perspectives” (pp. 89–90). Asian American/Asian Research Institute of The City University of New York.
Krase, J. (2004). Seeing community in a multicultural Society: Theory and practice. In M. Mesić (Ed.), Perspectives of multiculturalism: Western and transitional countries (pp. 151–180). FF Press.
Krase, J. (2005). The Visual Presentation of the Italian American Community: People, Places, and Things, and now Fish. In W. Connell (Ed.), Real Stories: Discrimination and Defamation in the History of Italian Americans (pp. 91–96). Alberto Italian Studies Institute at Seton Hall University.
Krase, J. (2009). A visual approach to multiculturalism. In G. Prato (Ed.), Beyond multiculturalism (pp. 21–38). Ashgate.
Krase, J. (2010). Diversity and urban living: Ethnic crossroads — visualizing urban narrative. In C. Allemann-Ghionda & W. D. Bukow (Eds.), Orte der Diversität: Formate, Arrangements und Inszenierungen (pp. 93–114). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Krase, J. (2012a). An argument for seeing in urban social science. Urbanities, 2(1), 18–29.
Krase, J. (2012b). Seeing cities change: Local culture and class. Ashgate.
Krase, J. (2019). Theme parks. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118568446.eurs0340
Krase, J. (2020). Jean Baudrillard, Me, and Ethnic Theme Parks. BaudrillardNow, 2(1), 32–48. https://www.baudrillard-scijournal.com/third-issue/
Krase, J., Ballesta, J., & De Larminat, E. (2020). Visual Sociology of the Vernacular Urban Landscape: An Interview with Jerome Krase. Interfaces, 44, 145–167. https://doi.org/10.4000/interfaces.1856
Krase, J., & Shortell, T. (2010). On the Spatial Semiotics of Vernacular Landscapes in Global Cities [Paper]. Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America. https://sssreligion.org/annual-meeting/meeting-info/
Krase, J., & Shortell, T. (2011). On the Spatial Semiotics of Vernacular Landscapes in Global Cities. Visual Communication, 10(3), 367–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357211408821
Krase, J., & Shortell, T. (2015). Seeing Islam in Global Cities: A Spatial Semiotic Analysis. In R. R. Williams (Ed.), Seeing Religion: Toward a Visual Sociology of Religion (pp. 61–84). Routledge.
Krase, J., & Shortell, T. (2021). Story-Making and Photography: The Visual Essay and Migration. In K. Nikielska-Sekula & A. Desille (Eds.), Visual Methods in Migration Studies (pp. 141–159). IMISCOE. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67608-7_8
Kteily, N., & Landry, A. (2022). Dehumanization: trends, insights, and challenges. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(3), 222–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.12.003
Kuzemko, C., Blondeel, M., Dupont, C., & Brisbois, M. C. (2022). Russia’s war on Ukraine, European energy policy responses & implications for sustainable transformations. Energy Research & Social Science, 93, 102842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102842
Lofland, L. H. (1985). A World of Strangers: Order and Action in Urban Public Space. Waveland Press.
Nast, T. (1876). The Ignorant Vote [Cartoon]. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Nóia Júnior, R. D. S., Ewert, F., Webber, H., Martre, P., Hertel, T. W., Van Ittersum, M., & Asseng, S. (2022). Needed global wheat stock and crop management in response to the war in Ukraine. Global Food Security, 35, 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100662
Ossewaarde, M. R. (2007). Cosmopolitanism and the Society of Strangers. Current Sociology, 55(3), 367–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392107076081
Pereira, P., Bašić, F., Bogunović, I., & Barceló, D. (2022). Russian-Ukrainian war impacts the total environment. Science of the Total Environment, 837, 155865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155865
Picker, M., & Sun, C. (Directors). (2013). Latinos Beyond Reel [Film]. The Media Education Foundation; The Media Education Foundation.
Qureshi, A., Rizwan, M., Ahmad, G., & Ashraf, D. (2022). Russia–Ukraine war and systemic risk: Who is taking the heat? Finance Research Letters, 48, 103036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103036
Riggs, M. (Director). (1986). Ethnic Notions [Film]. Signifyin’ Works.
Roland, G. (2023). The war in Ukraine and its consequences for the international order and North East Asia. Asia and the Global Economy, 3(1), 100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aglobe.2023.100056
Sassen, S. (1996). Whose City Is It? Globalization and the Formation of New Claims. Public Culture, 8(2), 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-8-2-205
Sassen, S. (2001). The global city: strategic site/new frontier. India-seminar. http://www.india-seminar.com/2001/503/503%20saskia%20sassen.htm
Sedrakyan, G. (2022). Ukraine war-induced sanctions against Russia: Consequences on transition economies. Journal of Policy Modeling, 44(5), 863–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2022.08.003
Shaheen, J. G. (2001a). Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. Olive Branch Press.
Shaheen, J. G. (2001b). Guilty: Hollywood’s Verdict on Arabs after 9/11. Olive Branch Press.
Shortell, T., & Krase, J. (2013). On the Visual Semiotics of Collective Identity in Urban Vernacular Spaces. In D. Zuev & R. Nathansohn (Eds.), Sociology of the Visual Sphere (pp. 108–128). Routledge.
Sontag, S. (1990). On Photography. Anchor Books.
Taylor, C. (1994). The politics of recognition. In A. Gutmann (Ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the politics of recognition (pp. 25–73). PrincetonUniversity Press.
The Eternal Jew [Poster]. (1940). http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Thompson, H. (2007). Veil in London [Photograph]. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/22/world/europe/22veil.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
Tönnies, F. (1998). Tönnies’ Complete Works (Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe) (L. Clausen, A. Deichsel, C. Bickel, & R. Fechner, Eds.; Vols. 1–24). Walter de Gruyter.
Wacquant, L. (1993). Urban Outcasts: Stigma and Division in the Black American Ghetto and the French Urban Periphery. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 17(3), 366–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1993.tb00227.x
BBC News. (2012, August 24). Anders Behring Breivik: Norway court finds him sane. BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19365616
Berger, J. (2013). Understanding a photograph (G. Dyer, Ed.). Aperture.
Barthes, R. (1985). The Responsibility of Forms: Critical essays on music, art, and representation (R. Howard, Trans.). Basil Blackwell.
Bonache, J., Langinier, H., & Zárraga‐Oberty, C. (2016). Antecedents and effects of host country nationals negative stereotyping of corporate expatriates. A social identity analysis. Human Resource Management Review, 26(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.08.001
Bougias, A., Episcopos, A., & Leledakis, G. N. (2022). Valuation of European firms during the Russia–Ukraine war. Economics Letters, 218, 110750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2022.110750
Croom, A. (2015). Slurs, stereotypes, and in-equality: a critical review of “How Epithets and Stereotypes are Racially Unequal.” Language Sciences, 52, 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2014.03.001
De Certeau, M. (1985). Practices of space. In M. Blonsky (Ed.), On Signs (pp. 122–145). Johns Hopkins Press.
Delisle, J. (2022). China’s Russia/Ukraine problem, and why It’s bad for almost everyone else too. Orbis, 66(3), 402–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2022.05.009
Del Lo, G., Marcelin, I., Bassène, T., & Sène, B. (2022). The Russo-Ukrainian war and financial markets: the role of dependence on Russian commodities. Finance Research Letters, 50, 103194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103194
Durante, F., & Fiske, S. T. (2017). How social-class stereotypes maintain inequality. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.033
El-Aswad, E. (2013). Images of Muslims in Western Scholarship and Media after 9/11. Digest of Middle East Studies, 22(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12010
Frers, L., & Meier, L. (2007). Encountering Urban Places: Visual and Material Performances in the City. Ashgate Publishing.
Gottdiener, M. (1985). The Social Production of Urban Space. University of Texas Press.
Grady, J. (1996). The Scope of Visual Sociology. Visual Sociology, 11(2), 10–24.
Griffith, D. W. (Director). (1915). The Birth of a Nation [Film]. David W. Griffith Corp.
Harvey, D. (1989). The Urban Experience. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Haslam, N., & Stratemeyer, M. (2016). Recent research on dehumanization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.009
Hayden, D. (1990). The Potential of Ethnic Places for Urban Landscapes. Places, 7(1), 11–17.
Helfand, I., Lewis, P., & Haines, A. (2022). Reducing the risks of nuclear war to humanity. The Lancet, 399(10330), 1097–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00422-6
Heinrich, T. (2013). Endogenous negative stereotypes: A similarity-based approach. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 92, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.04.016
Hippler, F. (Director). (1940). The Eternal Jew [Film]. Deutsche Filmherstellungs- und Verwertungs-GmbH (DFG).
Husserl, E. (1982). Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy (F. Kersten., Trans.). Nijhoff.
Jackson, J. B. (1985). Discovering the Vernacular Landscape. Yale University Press.
Jhally, S. (Director). (2006). Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People [Film]. Media Education Foundation.
Kim, Y., & Loury, G. C. (2019). To be, or not to be: Stereotypes, identity choice and group inequality. Journal of Public Economics, 174, 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.009
Krase, J. (1973). The presentation of community in urban society [Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University]. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms #74–1916.
Krase, J. (1977). Reactions to the stigmata of inner city living. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 4(7), 997–1010.
Krase, J. (1982). Self and Community in the City. University Press of America.
Krase, J. (2003). Chinatown: A Visual Approach to Ethnic Spectacles. In CUNY Bulletin of Asian American/Asian Affairs. the Proceedings of the Asian American Conference “Education: Challenges and Perspectives” (pp. 89–90). Asian American/Asian Research Institute of The City University of New York.
Krase, J. (2004). Seeing community in a multicultural Society: Theory and practice. In M. Mesić (Ed.), Perspectives of multiculturalism: Western and transitional countries (pp. 151–180). FF Press.
Krase, J. (2005). The Visual Presentation of the Italian American Community: People, Places, and Things, and now Fish. In W. Connell (Ed.), Real Stories: Discrimination and Defamation in the History of Italian Americans (pp. 91–96). Alberto Italian Studies Institute at Seton Hall University.
Krase, J. (2009). A visual approach to multiculturalism. In G. Prato (Ed.), Beyond multiculturalism (pp. 21–38). Ashgate.
Krase, J. (2010). Diversity and urban living: Ethnic crossroads — visualizing urban narrative. In C. Allemann-Ghionda & W. D. Bukow (Eds.), Orte der Diversität: Formate, Arrangements und Inszenierungen (pp. 93–114). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Krase, J. (2012a). An argument for seeing in urban social science. Urbanities, 2(1), 18–29.
Krase, J. (2012b). Seeing cities change: Local culture and class. Ashgate.
Krase, J. (2019). Theme parks. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118568446.eurs0340
Krase, J. (2020). Jean Baudrillard, Me, and Ethnic Theme Parks. BaudrillardNow, 2(1), 32–48. https://www.baudrillard-scijournal.com/third-issue/
Krase, J., Ballesta, J., & De Larminat, E. (2020). Visual Sociology of the Vernacular Urban Landscape: An Interview with Jerome Krase. Interfaces, 44, 145–167. https://doi.org/10.4000/interfaces.1856
Krase, J., & Shortell, T. (2010). On the Spatial Semiotics of Vernacular Landscapes in Global Cities [Paper]. Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America. https://sssreligion.org/annual-meeting/meeting-info/
Krase, J., & Shortell, T. (2011). On the Spatial Semiotics of Vernacular Landscapes in Global Cities. Visual Communication, 10(3), 367–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357211408821
Krase, J., & Shortell, T. (2015). Seeing Islam in Global Cities: A Spatial Semiotic Analysis. In R. R. Williams (Ed.), Seeing Religion: Toward a Visual Sociology of Religion (pp. 61–84). Routledge.
Krase, J., & Shortell, T. (2021). Story-Making and Photography: The Visual Essay and Migration. In K. Nikielska-Sekula & A. Desille (Eds.), Visual Methods in Migration Studies (pp. 141–159). IMISCOE. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67608-7_8
Kteily, N., & Landry, A. (2022). Dehumanization: trends, insights, and challenges. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(3), 222–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.12.003
Kuzemko, C., Blondeel, M., Dupont, C., & Brisbois, M. C. (2022). Russia’s war on Ukraine, European energy policy responses & implications for sustainable transformations. Energy Research & Social Science, 93, 102842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102842
Lofland, L. H. (1985). A World of Strangers: Order and Action in Urban Public Space. Waveland Press.
Nast, T. (1876). The Ignorant Vote [Cartoon]. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Nóia Júnior, R. D. S., Ewert, F., Webber, H., Martre, P., Hertel, T. W., Van Ittersum, M., & Asseng, S. (2022). Needed global wheat stock and crop management in response to the war in Ukraine. Global Food Security, 35, 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100662
Ossewaarde, M. R. (2007). Cosmopolitanism and the Society of Strangers. Current Sociology, 55(3), 367–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392107076081
Pereira, P., Bašić, F., Bogunović, I., & Barceló, D. (2022). Russian-Ukrainian war impacts the total environment. Science of the Total Environment, 837, 155865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155865
Picker, M., & Sun, C. (Directors). (2013). Latinos Beyond Reel [Film]. The Media Education Foundation; The Media Education Foundation.
Qureshi, A., Rizwan, M., Ahmad, G., & Ashraf, D. (2022). Russia–Ukraine war and systemic risk: Who is taking the heat? Finance Research Letters, 48, 103036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103036
Riggs, M. (Director). (1986). Ethnic Notions [Film]. Signifyin’ Works.
Roland, G. (2023). The war in Ukraine and its consequences for the international order and North East Asia. Asia and the Global Economy, 3(1), 100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aglobe.2023.100056
Sassen, S. (1996). Whose City Is It? Globalization and the Formation of New Claims. Public Culture, 8(2), 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-8-2-205
Sassen, S. (2001). The global city: strategic site/new frontier. India-seminar. http://www.india-seminar.com/2001/503/503%20saskia%20sassen.htm
Sedrakyan, G. (2022). Ukraine war-induced sanctions against Russia: Consequences on transition economies. Journal of Policy Modeling, 44(5), 863–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2022.08.003
Shaheen, J. G. (2001a). Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. Olive Branch Press.
Shaheen, J. G. (2001b). Guilty: Hollywood’s Verdict on Arabs after 9/11. Olive Branch Press.
Shortell, T., & Krase, J. (2013). On the Visual Semiotics of Collective Identity in Urban Vernacular Spaces. In D. Zuev & R. Nathansohn (Eds.), Sociology of the Visual Sphere (pp. 108–128). Routledge.
Sontag, S. (1990). On Photography. Anchor Books.
Taylor, C. (1994). The politics of recognition. In A. Gutmann (Ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the politics of recognition (pp. 25–73). PrincetonUniversity Press.
The Eternal Jew [Poster]. (1940). http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Thompson, H. (2007). Veil in London [Photograph]. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/22/world/europe/22veil.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
Tönnies, F. (1998). Tönnies’ Complete Works (Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe) (L. Clausen, A. Deichsel, C. Bickel, & R. Fechner, Eds.; Vols. 1–24). Walter de Gruyter.
Wacquant, L. (1993). Urban Outcasts: Stigma and Division in the Black American Ghetto and the French Urban Periphery. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 17(3), 366–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1993.tb00227.x