Criminals, Business and State in Post-Soviet Ukraine
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Abstract
On the thirtieth commemoration of Ukraine's independence, the present condition of the country highlights the necessity of contemplating the historical trajectory that post-Soviet Ukrainian society has traversed. This is not merely a retrospective consideration encompassing the past and present, but also, perhaps more crucially, a forward-looking assessment of Ukraine's future. While Ukraine exhibited a sense of cohesion and significant societal integration shortly after declaring independence, as evidenced by the outcomes of the All-Ukrainian referendum conducted on December 1, 1991, the year 2021 reveals a notable departure from these characteristics (State Archival Service of Ukraine, 2013). Present-day post-Soviet Ukrainian society has become fragmented, marked by discernible social fault lines. As Samuel Huntington (1996) observes, Ukraine is a nation divided along cultural lines, with two distinct civilizations. The fault line between these civilizations, demarcating the West from Orthodoxy, has bisected the nation for centuries (Huntington, 1996). Over the post-Soviet era, Ukraine has experienced a profound transformation in the role of the state, which has rapidly diminished in its capacity to effectively manage the fundamental pillars supporting society. Throughout this period, Ukrainian society has grappled with an enduring systemic crisis. The erstwhile Soviet framework of existence in Ukraine was dismantled, yet efforts to establish a novel system predicated on principles like market economy, human rights, and democracy have encountered significant challenges. While the contemporary Ukrainian society may project an appearance of stability, it conceals vulnerabilities to the deleterious trends stemming from its transformation, which are driven by three primary factors: the state, business entities, and criminal elements.
The article aims to delineate the roles played by criminality, business, and the state in the social governance of post-Soviet Ukraine.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61439/ICMH8067
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
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Kuzio, T. (2018). Russian and Ukrainian elites: A comparative study of different identities and alternative transitions. Communist and Post-communist Studies, 51(4), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2018.10.001
Kvartiuk, V., & Curtiss, J. (2019). Participatory rural development without participation: Insights from Ukraine. Journal of Rural Studies, 69, 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.04.002
Larraz, B., & García-Gómez, E. (2020). Depopulation of Toledo’s historical centre in Spain? Challenge for local politics in world heritage cities. Cities, 105, 102841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102841
Lazarenko, V. (2020). Mapping identities: Narratives of displacement in Ukraine. Emotion, Space and Society, 35, 100674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2020.100674
Litina, A., & Palivos, T. (2016). Corruption, tax evasion and social values. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 124, 164–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.09.017
Mazhar, U., & Méon, P. (2017). Taxing the unobservable: The impact of the shadow economy on inflation and taxation. World Development, 90, 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.019
Meijer, M., & Syssner, J. (2017). Getting ahead in depopulating areas - How linking social capital is used for informal planning practices in Sweden and The Netherlands. Journal of Rural Studies, 55, 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.07.014
Modesto, J. G., Keller, V. N., Saraiva, R. B., & Pilati, R. (2020). Belief in a corrupt world: A cross-cultural mediation model of beliefs about justice, punishment, and corruption. Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110127
Onge, J. M. S., & Smith, S. (2020). Demographics in rural populations. Surgical Clinics of North America, 100(5), 823–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2020.06.005
Orosz, G., Tóth‐Király, I., Bőthe, B., Paskuj, B., Berkics, M., Fulop, M., & Roland‐Lévy, C. (2018). Linking cheating in school and corruption. Revue Européenne De Psychologie Appliquée, 68(2), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2018.02.001
Osovyi, G. (2002). Zarobitna plata yak dzerkalo chesnoti derzhavi, poryadnosti robotodavciv i sili profspilok [Salary as a mirror of the virtue of the state, decency of employers and strength of trade unions]. Profspilki Ukrayini, 5, 19–20.
Papagiannis, F., Gazzola, P., Burak, O., & Pokutsa, I. (2021). A European household waste management approach: Intelligently clean Ukraine. Journal of Environmental Management, 294, 113015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113015
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Powell, D., Kuzmina, S., Yamchynska, T., Shestopalyuk, O. V., & Kuzmin, Y. (2015). Educational Technologies for maturing democratic approaches to educational practices in Ukraine. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.485
Ryvkin, D., & Serra, D. (2020). Corruption and competition among bureaucrats: An experimental study. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 175, 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.12.026
Salmon, T. C., & Serra, D. (2017). Corruption, social judgment and culture: An experiment. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 142, 64–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.06.004
Shevchenko, V. (2019). The reform of the higher education of Ukraine in the conditions of the military-political crisis. International Journal of Educational Development, 65, 237–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2018.08.009
Shulga, M. (2018). Zbij socialnoyi matrici [The failure of the social matrix]. Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
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Soskin, O. I. (2014). Narodnij kapitalizm: ekonomichna model dlya Ukrayini [National capitalism: the economic model for Ukraine]. IST.
Spiliopoulos, O. (2014). The EU-Ukraine Association Agreement as a Framework of Integration between the Two Parties. Procedia. Economics and Finance, 9, 256–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00027-6
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Vaishar, A., Šťastná, M., Zapletalová, J., & Nováková, E. (2020). Is the European countryside depopulating? Case study Moravia. Journal of Rural Studies, 80, 567–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.10.044
Van Deurzen, I. (2017). And justice for all: Examining corruption as a contextual source of mental illness. Social Science & Medicine, 173, 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.11.033
Zanuda, A. (2015, March 2). Is the Head of the State Property Fund a dangerous position? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/business/2015/03/150302_fdm_danger_az
Alvarado, R., Tillaguango, B., López-Sánchez, M., Ponce, P., & Işık, C. (2021). Heterogeneous impact of natural resources on income inequality: The role of the shadow economy and human capital index. Economic Analysis and Policy, 69, 690–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.01.015
Bashlakova, V., & Bashlakov, H. (2021). The study of the shadow economy in modern conditions: Theory, methodology, practice. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 81, 468–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2020.10.032
Bilorus, O. G. (Ed.). (2001). Globalizaciya i bezpeka rozvitku: monografiya [Globalization and security of development: monography]. Kyiv National Economic University.
Chaisty, P., & Whitefield, S. (2018). Critical election or frozen cleavages? How voters chose parties in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election. Electoral Studies, 56, 158–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2018.08.009
Chen, M., Sinha, A., Hu, K., & Shah, M. I. (2021). Impact of technological innovation on energy efficiency in industry 4.0 era: Moderation of shadow economy in sustainable development. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 164, 120521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120521
Coppola, F. F. (Director). (1972). The Godfather. Paramount Pictures; Alfran Productions.
De Lucas, F. M., & Prats, M. (2020). Why do some areas depopulate? The role of economic factors and local governments. Cities, 97, 102506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102506
Davydchyk, M., Mehlhausen, T., & Priesmeyer-Tkocz, W. (2018). The price of success, the benefit of setbacks: Alternative futures of EU-Ukraine relations. Futures. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2017.06.004
Dubrovsky, M., & Andrushchenko, A. (2002). Sistema i transformaciyi: programne abezpechennya rozvitku suchasnogo profspilkovogo ruhu v Ukrayini [System and transformation: programming for the development of the modern trade union movement in Ukraine]. Profspilki Ukrayini, 5, 25–28.
Garman, G., Weijts, W., Douw, F., Keukens, R., Liausedas, A., & Van Voren, R. (2020). Reforming prison mental health services in Ukraine. Forensic Science International: Mind and Law, 1, 100011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiml.2020.100011
Giddens, A. (1996). In Defence of Sociology. Polity.
Hajilee, M., Stringer, D. Y., & Hayes, L. A. (2021). On the link between the shadow economy and stock market development: An asymmetry analysis. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 80, 303–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2021.02.011
Heyets, V. M., Danylenko, A., Zhulynskyi, M., Libanova, E., & Onyshchenko, O. (Eds.). (2009). Socialno-ekonomichnij stan Ukrayini: naslidki dlya narodu ta derzhavi. Nacionalna dopovid [Socio-economic situation in Ukraine: consequences for the people and the state. National report]. NVC NBUV.
Heyets, V. M. (2009). Razvitie i krizisy v Ukraine – protivorechiya transformacii [Development and crises in Ukraine - contradictions of transformation]. In Metodologiya, teoriya ta praktika sociologichnogo analizu suchasnogo suspilstva: zbirnik naukovih prac [Methodology, theory and practice of sociological analysis of modern society: a collection of scientific papers] (Vol.15, pp. 341–348).
Huntington, S. P. (1996). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Simon and Schuster.
Kochkina, A. (2006). Krymskij gambit [Crimean gambit]. Izdatelstvo S. Pantyuka.
Kushnir, I. (2019). The development of policy actors involved in the Bologna reform in Ukraine. Communist and Post-communist Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2019.04.006
Kuzin, S. (2006). Doneckaya mafiya [Donetsk Mafia]. Izdatelskij dom "Poligrafkniga."
Kuzio, T. (2018). Russian and Ukrainian elites: A comparative study of different identities and alternative transitions. Communist and Post-communist Studies, 51(4), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2018.10.001
Kvartiuk, V., & Curtiss, J. (2019). Participatory rural development without participation: Insights from Ukraine. Journal of Rural Studies, 69, 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.04.002
Larraz, B., & García-Gómez, E. (2020). Depopulation of Toledo’s historical centre in Spain? Challenge for local politics in world heritage cities. Cities, 105, 102841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102841
Lazarenko, V. (2020). Mapping identities: Narratives of displacement in Ukraine. Emotion, Space and Society, 35, 100674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2020.100674
Litina, A., & Palivos, T. (2016). Corruption, tax evasion and social values. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 124, 164–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.09.017
Mazhar, U., & Méon, P. (2017). Taxing the unobservable: The impact of the shadow economy on inflation and taxation. World Development, 90, 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.019
Meijer, M., & Syssner, J. (2017). Getting ahead in depopulating areas - How linking social capital is used for informal planning practices in Sweden and The Netherlands. Journal of Rural Studies, 55, 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.07.014
Modesto, J. G., Keller, V. N., Saraiva, R. B., & Pilati, R. (2020). Belief in a corrupt world: A cross-cultural mediation model of beliefs about justice, punishment, and corruption. Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110127
Onge, J. M. S., & Smith, S. (2020). Demographics in rural populations. Surgical Clinics of North America, 100(5), 823–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2020.06.005
Orosz, G., Tóth‐Király, I., Bőthe, B., Paskuj, B., Berkics, M., Fulop, M., & Roland‐Lévy, C. (2018). Linking cheating in school and corruption. Revue Européenne De Psychologie Appliquée, 68(2), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2018.02.001
Osovyi, G. (2002). Zarobitna plata yak dzerkalo chesnoti derzhavi, poryadnosti robotodavciv i sili profspilok [Salary as a mirror of the virtue of the state, decency of employers and strength of trade unions]. Profspilki Ukrayini, 5, 19–20.
Papagiannis, F., Gazzola, P., Burak, O., & Pokutsa, I. (2021). A European household waste management approach: Intelligently clean Ukraine. Journal of Environmental Management, 294, 113015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113015
Pavlovsky, M. A. (2001). Strategiya rozvitku suspilstva: Ukrayina i svit (ekonomika, politologiya, sociologiya) [Strategy of society development: Ukraine and the world (economics, political science, sociology)]. Tehnika.
Piasetska-Ustych, S. V. (2016). Fenomen korupciyi v Ukrayini (politiko-ekonomichnij analiz) [The phenomenon of corruption in Ukraine (political and economic analysis)]. Global and National Problems of Economy, 14, 20–25.
Powell, D., Kuzmina, S., Yamchynska, T., Shestopalyuk, O. V., & Kuzmin, Y. (2015). Educational Technologies for maturing democratic approaches to educational practices in Ukraine. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.485
Ryvkin, D., & Serra, D. (2020). Corruption and competition among bureaucrats: An experimental study. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 175, 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.12.026
Salmon, T. C., & Serra, D. (2017). Corruption, social judgment and culture: An experiment. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 142, 64–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.06.004
Shevchenko, V. (2019). The reform of the higher education of Ukraine in the conditions of the military-political crisis. International Journal of Educational Development, 65, 237–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2018.08.009
Shulga, M. (2018). Zbij socialnoyi matrici [The failure of the social matrix]. Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
Shulga, M. O. (2011). Drejf na uzbichchya. Dvadcyat rokiv suspilnih zmin v Ukrayini [Drifting to the margins: twenty years of social change in Ukraine]. Drukarnya "Biznespoligraf."
Skvorets, V. O. (2019). Transformaciya socioistorichnogo organizmu Ukrayini: analitika socialnih procesiv [Transformation of the socio-historical organism of Ukraine: analysis of social processes]. Zaporizkij nacionalnij universitet.
Sociologichna grupa "Rejting." (2021, March). Suspilno-politichni poglyadi v Ukrayini. Rating Group. https://ratinggroup.ua/ru/research/ukraine/opros_iri_obschestvenno-politicheskie_nastroeniya_v_ukraine.html
Soskin, O. I. (2014). Narodnij kapitalizm: ekonomichna model dlya Ukrayini [National capitalism: the economic model for Ukraine]. IST.
Spiliopoulos, O. (2014). The EU-Ukraine Association Agreement as a Framework of Integration between the Two Parties. Procedia. Economics and Finance, 9, 256–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00027-6
State Archival Service of Ukraine. (2013). Vidomist pro rezultati Vseukrayinskogo referendumu, 1 grudnya 1991 r [Information on the results of the All-Ukrainian referendum, December 1, 1991.]. https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032951/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/15r-V_Ref/index.php?11
Vaishar, A., Šťastná, M., Zapletalová, J., & Nováková, E. (2020). Is the European countryside depopulating? Case study Moravia. Journal of Rural Studies, 80, 567–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.10.044
Van Deurzen, I. (2017). And justice for all: Examining corruption as a contextual source of mental illness. Social Science & Medicine, 173, 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.11.033
Zanuda, A. (2015, March 2). Is the Head of the State Property Fund a dangerous position? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/business/2015/03/150302_fdm_danger_az