The Identity of the Modern Human as a Problem Of Social and Humanitarian Knowledge
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Sep 17, 2023
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Abstract
The article examines the problem of subjectivity and identity formation, the specifics of individual and collective identity research. It is noted that the study of subjectivity, "I" (self), which is the source of the formation of individual identity, actualizes the study of this problem in many social and humanitarian sciences. It has been established that in a broad interdisciplinary context, it is a search for an effective methodological toolkit for determining the dynamic matrix of subjectivity, which is constantly changing in the modern globalized society. In the context of the study of the phenomenon of subjectivity and identity, the socio-psychological theory - the theory of traits, the theory of roles and the humanistic theory - is briefly considered. It was found that all these theories cannot adequately investigate the subject's identity, the possibility of using E. Erikson's identity theory and the direction of social constructionism, where human subjectivity is constructed here and now in relations with other people using speech practices of discourse, was analyzed . It was determined that the discourse in the understanding of social constructionists is a kind of material basis of the practices of social construction of reality, thanks to which the "I"-construction of subjectivity is constructed.
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https://doi.org/10.61439/SHND1344
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References
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Eysenck, H. J. (1947). Dimensions of personality. Kegan Paul.
Ferrando, F. (2019). Philosophical Posthumanism (Theory in the New Humanities) (R. Braidotti, Ed.). Bloomsbury Academic.
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. In Stanford University Press eBooks. Stanford University Press.
Foucault, M. (2002). The Archaeology of Knowledge. Psychology Press.
Foucault, M. (1990). The History of Sexuality: An Introduction (Vol. 1). Vintage.
Freud, S. (1990). Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. W. W. Norton & Company.
Goffman, E. (1956). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Doubleday.
Gergen, K. J. (1994). Realities and Relationships: Soundings in Social Construction. Harvard University Press.
Gill, M. J. (2020). How Can I Study Who You Are? In A. D. Brown (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Identities in Organizations (pp. 294–310). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198827115.013.26
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Han, B. (2015). The Burnout Society. Stanford Briefs.
Han, B. (2017). The Agony of Eros. MIT Press.
Harré, R. (1984). Personal being: A Theory for Individual Psychology. Harvard University Press.
Hermans, H. J. M. (2001). The dialogical self: toward a theory of personal and cultural positioning. Culture & Psychology, 7(3), 243–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067x0173001
Kehl, M. R. (2018). Time and the dog: Society and Depression. Verso Books.
Kim, Y., Gaspard, H., Fleischmann, M., Nagengast, B., & Trautwein, U. (2023). What Happens With Comparison Processes When “the Other” is Very Similar? Academic Self-Concept Formation in Twins. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 72, 102138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2022.102138
Knight, A., & Saxby, S. (2014). Identity crisis: Global challenges of identity protection in a networked world1. Computer Law & Security Review, 30(6), 617–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2014.09.001
Lacan, J. (1970). Of Structure as an Inmixing of an Otherness Prerequisite to Any Subject. In R. Macksey & E. Donato (Eds.), The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man: The Structuralist Controversy (2nd ed., pp. 186–200). Johns Hopkins Press.
MacLeavy, J. (2020). Neoliberalism. In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 353–358). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10673-0
Maslow, A. H. (1954). motivation and personality. Harper & Brothers.
Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self & society. University of Chicago Press.
Moralès, J., Gendron, Y., & Guénin-Paracini, H. (2014). State privatization and the unrelenting expansion of neoliberalism: The case of the Greek financial crisis. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(6), 423–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2013.08.007
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Perls, F. S. (1969). Gestalt therapy verbatim. Real People Press.
Potter, J., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. SAGE Publications Limited.
Ricoeur, P. (1996). Oneself as Another (K. Blamey, Trans.). University of Chicago Press.
Rogers, C. R. (1961). On Becoming a Person: A therapist’s view of Psychotherapy. Constable.
Pentland, A. (2014). Social Physics: how good ideas spread — the lessons from a new science. Scribe Publications.
Rašković, M. (2020). (Social) Identity Theory in an Era of Identity Politics: Theory and practice. AIB Insights, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.46697/001c.13616
Sarbin, T. R. (1986). Narrative Psychology: The Storied Nature of Human Conduct. Praeger.
Salecl, R. (2022). A passion for ignorance. Princeton University Press.
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Shotter, J. (1993). Conversational realities: Constructing Life Through Language. SAGE Publications Limited.
Sikka, P. (2015). The corrosive effects of neoliberalism on the UK financial crises and auditing practices: A dead-end for reforms. Accounting Forum, 39(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2014.10.004
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Swassjan, K. (2005). Discourse, terror and Jewish identity. Problems of Philosophy, 2, 56–102.
Sweet, E. (2018). “Like you failed at life”: Debt, health and neoliberal subjectivity. Social Science & Medicine, 212, 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.017
Thulien, N., Gastaldo, D., McCay, E., & Hwang, S. (2019). “I want to be able to show everyone that it is possible to go from being nothing in the world to being something”: Identity as a determinant of social integration. Children and Youth Services Review, 96, 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.11.005
Udall, A. M., De Groot, J. I. M., De Jong, S. B., & Shankar, A. (2020). How do I see myself? A systematic review of identities in pro‐environmental behaviour research. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 19(2), 108–141. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1798
Van Dijk, T. A. (2008). Discourse and Power. Macmillan Education UK.
Von Sivers, I., Templeton, A., Köster, G., Drury, J., & Philippides, A. (2014). Humans do not Always Act Selfishly: Social Identity and Helping in Emergency Evacuation Simulation. Transportation Research Procedia, 2, 585–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.099
Wang, V., & Tucker, J. V. (2021). ‘I am not a number’: Conceptualising identity in digital surveillance. Technology in Society, 67, 101772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101772
Widdicombe, S., & Da Silva Marinho, C. (2021). Challenges in research on Self-Identity. In Cambridge University Press eBooks (pp. 57–76). https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108755146.004
Woźniak, M. (2018). “I” and “Me”: The Self in the Context of Consciousness. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01656
Žižek, S. (2022). Surplus-Enjoyment: A Guide For The Non-Perplexed. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. PublicAffairs.
Agamben, G. (2002). Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive (D. Heller-Roazen, Trans.). Zone Books.
Agamben, G. (2021). Where Are We Now?: The Epidemic as Politics. Rowman & Littlefield.
Albarello, F., Crocetti, E., & Rubini, M. (2017). I and US: A longitudinal study on the interplay of personal and social identity in Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(4), 689–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0791-4
Alemán, J. (2023). Lacan and Capitalist Discourse: Neoliberalism and Ideology. Routledge.
Althusser, L. (2001). Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (B. Brewster, Trans.). Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes Towards an Investigations), 85–126.
Apostolopoulou, E., Chatzimentor, A., Maestre‐Andrés, S., Mora, M. R. I., Pizarro, A., & Bormpoudakis, D. (2021). Reviewing 15 years of research on neoliberal conservation: Towards a decolonial, interdisciplinary, intersectional and community-engaged research agenda. Geoforum, 124, 236–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.05.006
Ashforth, B. E., & Schinoff, B. S. (2016). Identity under construction: How individuals come to define themselves in organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3(1), 111–137. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062322
Badiou, A. (2022). The immanence of truths: Being and Event III (K. Reinhard & S. Spitzer, Trans.). Bloomsbury Publishing.
Benveniste, É. (1971). Problems in general linguistics (M. E. Meek, Trans.). University of Miami Press.
Benvenuto, S. (2018). The Après-Coup, après coup. Language and Psychoanalysis, 7(2), 72–87. https://doi.org/10.7565/landp.v7i2.1589
Berardi, F. (2009). The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy. Semiotext(e).
Bettache, K., Chiu, C., & Beattie, P. (2020). The merciless mind in a dog-eat-dog society: neoliberalism and the indifference to social inequality. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.06.002
Bieri, P. (2017). Human Dignity: A Way of Living (D. Siclovan, Trans.). Polity.
Bourdieu, P. (1990). Structures, Habitus, Practices. The Logic of Practice, 2, 52–65.
Braidotti, R. (2013). The Posthuman. Polity Press.
Cattell, R. B. (1950). Personality: A Systematic Theoretical and Factual Study. New York, McGraw-Hill.
Chiesa, L. (2016). The Not-Two: Logic and God in Lacan. MIT Press.
Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human Nature and the Social Order. Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Corcuff, P. (1999). Le collectif au defi du singulier: en partant de l’habitus [The collective challenged by the singular: starting from the habitus]. In B. Lahire, Le Travail sociologique de Pierre Bourdieu: dettes et critiques [ Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological work: debts and criticism] (pp. 95–120). La Decouverte.
Cover, R. (2016). Identity, Internet, and Globalization. In Digital Identities. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-420083-8.00005-5
Cover, R. (2021). Identity in the disrupted time of COVID-19: Performativity, crisis, mobility and ethics. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 4(1), 100175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100175
Grimalda, G., Buchan, N. R., & Brewer, M. B. (2018). Social identity mediates the positive effect of globalization on individual cooperation: Results from international experiments. PLOS ONE, 13(12), e0206819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206819
Delaney, J. J. (2016). Human enhancement and identity-affecting changes: The problem of controversial cases. Ethics, Medicine and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemep.2016.09.009
Deleuze, G. (1983). Nietzsche and Philosophy (H. Tomlinson, Trans.). Athlone Press.
Dolar, M. (2020). 7 Hegel as the other side of psychoanalysis. In Jacques Lacan and the Other Side of Psychoanalysis (pp. 129–154). https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822387602-008
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. W. W. Norton & Company
Erikson, E. H. (1974). Identity: Youth and Crisis. Faber and Faber.
Eskin, M., & Baydar, N. (2022). Do neoliberal values provide a fertile soil for suicidal ideation? Journal of Affective Disorders, 314, 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.034
Eysenck, H. J. (1947). Dimensions of personality. Kegan Paul.
Ferrando, F. (2019). Philosophical Posthumanism (Theory in the New Humanities) (R. Braidotti, Ed.). Bloomsbury Academic.
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. In Stanford University Press eBooks. Stanford University Press.
Foucault, M. (2002). The Archaeology of Knowledge. Psychology Press.
Foucault, M. (1990). The History of Sexuality: An Introduction (Vol. 1). Vintage.
Freud, S. (1990). Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. W. W. Norton & Company.
Goffman, E. (1956). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Doubleday.
Gergen, K. J. (1994). Realities and Relationships: Soundings in Social Construction. Harvard University Press.
Gill, M. J. (2020). How Can I Study Who You Are? In A. D. Brown (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Identities in Organizations (pp. 294–310). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198827115.013.26
Grossi, G., & Pianezzi, D. (2017). Smart cities: Utopia or neoliberal ideology? Cities, 69, 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.07.012
Han, B. (2015). The Burnout Society. Stanford Briefs.
Han, B. (2017). The Agony of Eros. MIT Press.
Harré, R. (1984). Personal being: A Theory for Individual Psychology. Harvard University Press.
Hermans, H. J. M. (2001). The dialogical self: toward a theory of personal and cultural positioning. Culture & Psychology, 7(3), 243–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067x0173001
Kehl, M. R. (2018). Time and the dog: Society and Depression. Verso Books.
Kim, Y., Gaspard, H., Fleischmann, M., Nagengast, B., & Trautwein, U. (2023). What Happens With Comparison Processes When “the Other” is Very Similar? Academic Self-Concept Formation in Twins. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 72, 102138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2022.102138
Knight, A., & Saxby, S. (2014). Identity crisis: Global challenges of identity protection in a networked world1. Computer Law & Security Review, 30(6), 617–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2014.09.001
Lacan, J. (1970). Of Structure as an Inmixing of an Otherness Prerequisite to Any Subject. In R. Macksey & E. Donato (Eds.), The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man: The Structuralist Controversy (2nd ed., pp. 186–200). Johns Hopkins Press.
MacLeavy, J. (2020). Neoliberalism. In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 353–358). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10673-0
Maslow, A. H. (1954). motivation and personality. Harper & Brothers.
Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self & society. University of Chicago Press.
Moralès, J., Gendron, Y., & Guénin-Paracini, H. (2014). State privatization and the unrelenting expansion of neoliberalism: The case of the Greek financial crisis. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(6), 423–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2013.08.007
Oliver, T. H., Doherty, B., Dornelles, A. Z., Gilbert, N., Greenwell, M. P., Harrison, L., Jones, I. M., Lewis, A. C., Moller, S. J., Pilley, V. J., Tovey, P., & Weinstein, N. (2022). A safe and just operating space for human identity: a systems perspective. The Lancet Planetary Health, 6(11), e919–e927. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00217-0
Perls, F. S. (1969). Gestalt therapy verbatim. Real People Press.
Potter, J., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. SAGE Publications Limited.
Ricoeur, P. (1996). Oneself as Another (K. Blamey, Trans.). University of Chicago Press.
Rogers, C. R. (1961). On Becoming a Person: A therapist’s view of Psychotherapy. Constable.
Pentland, A. (2014). Social Physics: how good ideas spread — the lessons from a new science. Scribe Publications.
Rašković, M. (2020). (Social) Identity Theory in an Era of Identity Politics: Theory and practice. AIB Insights, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.46697/001c.13616
Sarbin, T. R. (1986). Narrative Psychology: The Storied Nature of Human Conduct. Praeger.
Salecl, R. (2022). A passion for ignorance. Princeton University Press.
Saltman, K. J. (2023). Neoliberal education: from capitalizing on disaster to critical pedagogy. In International Encyclopedia of Education (4th ed., pp. 250–257). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.02084-4
Shotter, J. (1993). Conversational realities: Constructing Life Through Language. SAGE Publications Limited.
Sikka, P. (2015). The corrosive effects of neoliberalism on the UK financial crises and auditing practices: A dead-end for reforms. Accounting Forum, 39(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2014.10.004
Skinner, B. F. (1971). Beyond freedom and dignity. Alfred A. Knopf.
Swassjan, K. (2005). Discourse, terror and Jewish identity. Problems of Philosophy, 2, 56–102.
Sweet, E. (2018). “Like you failed at life”: Debt, health and neoliberal subjectivity. Social Science & Medicine, 212, 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.017
Thulien, N., Gastaldo, D., McCay, E., & Hwang, S. (2019). “I want to be able to show everyone that it is possible to go from being nothing in the world to being something”: Identity as a determinant of social integration. Children and Youth Services Review, 96, 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.11.005
Udall, A. M., De Groot, J. I. M., De Jong, S. B., & Shankar, A. (2020). How do I see myself? A systematic review of identities in pro‐environmental behaviour research. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 19(2), 108–141. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1798
Van Dijk, T. A. (2008). Discourse and Power. Macmillan Education UK.
Von Sivers, I., Templeton, A., Köster, G., Drury, J., & Philippides, A. (2014). Humans do not Always Act Selfishly: Social Identity and Helping in Emergency Evacuation Simulation. Transportation Research Procedia, 2, 585–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.099
Wang, V., & Tucker, J. V. (2021). ‘I am not a number’: Conceptualising identity in digital surveillance. Technology in Society, 67, 101772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101772
Widdicombe, S., & Da Silva Marinho, C. (2021). Challenges in research on Self-Identity. In Cambridge University Press eBooks (pp. 57–76). https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108755146.004
Woźniak, M. (2018). “I” and “Me”: The Self in the Context of Consciousness. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01656
Žižek, S. (2022). Surplus-Enjoyment: A Guide For The Non-Perplexed. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. PublicAffairs.