Mass Shooting Events
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Sep 17, 2023
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Abstract
In 1999 the United States experienced its first mass shooting at a public school and later at a church in Texas. It sparked renewed interest in gun control. Our response and the response of law enforcement has changed to protect the citizens. A new vocabulary including mass shooting and the active shooter. These new events are increasing at an alarming rate in our nation. The response has been slow and the solutions even slower. In this article we look at the problem, the response, and some possible solutions. However, the questions of motivation, and prevention remain.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61439/JUKD1403
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
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Abdalla, S. M., Cohen, G. H., Tamrakar, S., Sampson, L., Moreland, A. D., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Galea, S. (2022). Mitigating the mental health consequences of mass shootings: An in-silico experiment. EClinicalMedicine, 51, 101555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101555
Ali, O., & North, C. S. (2016). Survivors of Mass Shooting Incidents: The Response of Mental Health. In Encyclopedia of Mental Health (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00160-9
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De Becker, G. (1998). The gift of fear: Survival Signals that Protect Us from Violence. Dell.
Department of Homeland Security. (2023, September 2). If you see something, say something. https://www.dhs.gov/see-something-say-something
Donnelly, M., Grigorian, A., Inaba, K., Nguyen, N. T., De Virgilio, C., Schubl, S., Paladugu, A., Swentek, L., & Nahmias, J. (2023). Trends in mass shootings in the United States (2013–2021): A worsening American epidemic of death. The American Journal of Surgery, 226(2), 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.03.028
FBI. (n.d.). Active Shooter Safety Resources. Retrieved September 2, 2023, from https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/safety-resources/active-shooter-safety-resources
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Furlow, B. (2022). US Senate announces planned gun reforms after latest school shooting. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 10(8), e73–e74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00229-6
Jetter, M., & Walker, J. K. (2022). News coverage and mass shootings in the US. European Economic Review, 148, 104221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104221
Hylton, E., Malley, A., & Ironson, G. (2019). Improvements in adolescent mental health and positive affect using creative arts therapy after a school shooting: A pilot study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 65, 101586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2019.101586
Lahiff, M. (2022, November 9). 10 Considerations for School Security Technology. Campus Security Today. https://campussecuritytoday.com/Articles/2022/11/09/Ten-Considerations-School-Security-Technology.aspx?Page=2
Liu, D., Dong, Z., & Qiu, G. (2022). Exploring the contagion effect of social media on mass shootings. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 172, 108565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2022.108565
Luca, M., Malhotra, D., & Poliquin, C. (2020). The impact of mass shootings on gun policy. Journal of Public Economics, 181, 104083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104083
Newsome, K., Sen-Crowe, B., Autrey, C., Alfaro, S., Levy, M., Bilski, T., Ibrahim, J., & Elkbuli, A. (2022). A closer look at the rising epidemic of mass shootings in the United States and its association with gun legislation, laws, and sales. Journal of Surgical Research, 280, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2022.07.012
New York Times. (2023, March 23). Nashville Shooting Police Say Shooter Was Under Doctor’s Care for ‘Emotional Disorder.’ New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/03/28/us/nashville-school-shooting-tennessee
Pear, V. A., Schleimer, J. P., Aubel, A. J., Buggs, S., Knoepke, C. E., Pallin, R., Shev, A., Tomsich, E. A., Wintemute, G. J., & Kravitz‐Wirtz, N. (2022). Extreme risk protection orders, race/ethnicity, and equity: Evidence from California. Preventive Medicine, 165, 107181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107181
Pomeranz, J. L., & Ochoa, G. (2021). Firearm Extreme Risk Protection Order Laws and Preemption: New Developments and Outstanding Issues, 50 States, 2020. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 61(3), 455–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.03.007
O’Brien, C. J., & Taku, K. (2022). Alpha and beta changes in anxiety in response to mass shooting related information. Personality and Individual Differences, 186, 111326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111326
Oz, S. (2023). The impact of terrorist attacks and mass shootings on earnings management. The British Accounting Review, 101232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2023.101232
Showstark, M. (2019). Mass shootings and health care. Physician Assistant Clinics, 4(4), 761–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpha.2019.06.006
Smith, A., Fitzpatrick-Schmidt, T., Beiter, K., Cavalea, A. C., Scharf, P. C., Schoen, J., Stuke, L., Greiffenstein, P., Marr, A. B., Tedesco, A., & Hunt, J. P. (2023). The COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on mass shootings in six major US cities. Injury-International Journal of the Care of the Injured, 54(7), 110766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2023.04.053
Stone, E. M., Crifasi, C. K., Ward, J., Vernick, J. S., Webster, D., McGinty, E. E., & Barry, C. L. (2022). National support for gun policies among U.S. adults in 2019 and 2021. Preventive Medicine, 165, 107314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107314
Thoresen, S., Jensen, T. K., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., & Dyb, G. (2016). Parents of terror victims. A longitudinal study of parental mental health following the 2011 terrorist attack on Utøya Island. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 38, 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.01.004
Uvalde school shooting. (2023, June 30). The Texas Tribune. https://www.texastribune.org/series/uvalde-texas-school-shooting/
Tiderman, L., Dongmo, N. F., Munteanu, K., Kirschenbaum, M., & Kerns, L. (2023). Analyzing the impact of state gun laws on mass shootings in the United States from 2013 to 2021. Public Health, 215, 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2022.12.001
Zeoli, A. M., Frattaroli, S., Barnard, L. M., Bowen, A., Christy, A., Easter, M. M., Kapoor, R., Knoepke, C. E., Ma, W., Molocznik, A., Norko, M. A., Omaki, E., Paruk, J., Pear, V. A., Rowhani‐Rahbar, A., Schleimer, J. P., Swanson, J. W., & Wintemute, G. J. (2022). Extreme risk protection orders in response to threats of multiple victim/mass shooting in six U.S. states: A descriptive study. Preventive Medicine, 165, 107304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107304
Active Shooter safety resources. (2023, April 26). Federal Bureau of Investigation. https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/safety-resources/active-shooter-safety-resources
Abadi, M., Pasley, J., Ardrey, T., & Goodwin, G. E. (2023, January 23). The 30 deadliest mass shootings in modern US history include Monterey Park and Uvalde. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/deadliest-mass-shootings-in-us-history-2017-10
Abdalla, S. M., Cohen, G. H., Tamrakar, S., Sampson, L., Moreland, A. D., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Galea, S. (2022). Mitigating the mental health consequences of mass shootings: An in-silico experiment. EClinicalMedicine, 51, 101555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101555
Ali, O., & North, C. S. (2016). Survivors of Mass Shooting Incidents: The Response of Mental Health. In Encyclopedia of Mental Health (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00160-9
Attorney General of Texas. (n.d.). Security teams for houses of worship. Retrieved September 2, 2023, from https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/security-teams-houses-worship
Bharadwaj, P., Bhuller, M., Løken, K. V., & Wentzel, M. (2021). Surviving a mass shooting. Journal of Public Economics, 201, 104469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104469
Bridges, T., Tober, T. L., & Brazzell, M. (2023). Database discrepancies in understanding the burden of mass shootings in the United States, 2013–2020. The Lancet Regional Health - Americas, 22, 100504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2023.100504
Cox, J. W., Rich, S., Chong, L., Trevor, L., Muyskens, J., & Ulmanu, M. (2023, April 3). There have been 386 school shootings since Columbine. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/interactive/school-shootings-database/
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (n.d.). Active Shooter Preparedness. CISA. Retrieved September 2, 2023, from https://www.cisa.gov/topics/physical-security/active-shooter-preparedness
De Becker, G. (1998). The gift of fear: Survival Signals that Protect Us from Violence. Dell.
Department of Homeland Security. (2023, September 2). If you see something, say something. https://www.dhs.gov/see-something-say-something
Donnelly, M., Grigorian, A., Inaba, K., Nguyen, N. T., De Virgilio, C., Schubl, S., Paladugu, A., Swentek, L., & Nahmias, J. (2023). Trends in mass shootings in the United States (2013–2021): A worsening American epidemic of death. The American Journal of Surgery, 226(2), 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.03.028
FBI. (n.d.). Active Shooter Safety Resources. Retrieved September 2, 2023, from https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/safety-resources/active-shooter-safety-resources
Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2022, April 14). 5 Ways to improve the safety and security of your place of worship or community spaces. FEMA. https://www.fema.gov/blog/5-ways-improve-safety-and-security-your-place-worship-or-community-spaces
Furlow, B. (2022). US Senate announces planned gun reforms after latest school shooting. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 10(8), e73–e74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00229-6
Jetter, M., & Walker, J. K. (2022). News coverage and mass shootings in the US. European Economic Review, 148, 104221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104221
Hylton, E., Malley, A., & Ironson, G. (2019). Improvements in adolescent mental health and positive affect using creative arts therapy after a school shooting: A pilot study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 65, 101586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2019.101586
Lahiff, M. (2022, November 9). 10 Considerations for School Security Technology. Campus Security Today. https://campussecuritytoday.com/Articles/2022/11/09/Ten-Considerations-School-Security-Technology.aspx?Page=2
Liu, D., Dong, Z., & Qiu, G. (2022). Exploring the contagion effect of social media on mass shootings. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 172, 108565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2022.108565
Luca, M., Malhotra, D., & Poliquin, C. (2020). The impact of mass shootings on gun policy. Journal of Public Economics, 181, 104083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104083
Newsome, K., Sen-Crowe, B., Autrey, C., Alfaro, S., Levy, M., Bilski, T., Ibrahim, J., & Elkbuli, A. (2022). A closer look at the rising epidemic of mass shootings in the United States and its association with gun legislation, laws, and sales. Journal of Surgical Research, 280, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2022.07.012
New York Times. (2023, March 23). Nashville Shooting Police Say Shooter Was Under Doctor’s Care for ‘Emotional Disorder.’ New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/03/28/us/nashville-school-shooting-tennessee
Pear, V. A., Schleimer, J. P., Aubel, A. J., Buggs, S., Knoepke, C. E., Pallin, R., Shev, A., Tomsich, E. A., Wintemute, G. J., & Kravitz‐Wirtz, N. (2022). Extreme risk protection orders, race/ethnicity, and equity: Evidence from California. Preventive Medicine, 165, 107181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107181
Pomeranz, J. L., & Ochoa, G. (2021). Firearm Extreme Risk Protection Order Laws and Preemption: New Developments and Outstanding Issues, 50 States, 2020. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 61(3), 455–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.03.007
O’Brien, C. J., & Taku, K. (2022). Alpha and beta changes in anxiety in response to mass shooting related information. Personality and Individual Differences, 186, 111326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111326
Oz, S. (2023). The impact of terrorist attacks and mass shootings on earnings management. The British Accounting Review, 101232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2023.101232
Showstark, M. (2019). Mass shootings and health care. Physician Assistant Clinics, 4(4), 761–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpha.2019.06.006
Smith, A., Fitzpatrick-Schmidt, T., Beiter, K., Cavalea, A. C., Scharf, P. C., Schoen, J., Stuke, L., Greiffenstein, P., Marr, A. B., Tedesco, A., & Hunt, J. P. (2023). The COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on mass shootings in six major US cities. Injury-International Journal of the Care of the Injured, 54(7), 110766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2023.04.053
Stone, E. M., Crifasi, C. K., Ward, J., Vernick, J. S., Webster, D., McGinty, E. E., & Barry, C. L. (2022). National support for gun policies among U.S. adults in 2019 and 2021. Preventive Medicine, 165, 107314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107314
Thoresen, S., Jensen, T. K., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., & Dyb, G. (2016). Parents of terror victims. A longitudinal study of parental mental health following the 2011 terrorist attack on Utøya Island. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 38, 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.01.004
Uvalde school shooting. (2023, June 30). The Texas Tribune. https://www.texastribune.org/series/uvalde-texas-school-shooting/
Tiderman, L., Dongmo, N. F., Munteanu, K., Kirschenbaum, M., & Kerns, L. (2023). Analyzing the impact of state gun laws on mass shootings in the United States from 2013 to 2021. Public Health, 215, 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2022.12.001
Zeoli, A. M., Frattaroli, S., Barnard, L. M., Bowen, A., Christy, A., Easter, M. M., Kapoor, R., Knoepke, C. E., Ma, W., Molocznik, A., Norko, M. A., Omaki, E., Paruk, J., Pear, V. A., Rowhani‐Rahbar, A., Schleimer, J. P., Swanson, J. W., & Wintemute, G. J. (2022). Extreme risk protection orders in response to threats of multiple victim/mass shooting in six U.S. states: A descriptive study. Preventive Medicine, 165, 107304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107304