Seeing and Not Seeing: Unexplained Phenomena in Science
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.sidebar##
Published
Dec 31, 2024
Download
Statistics
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
Why, beyond competitive and pecuniary interests, do scientists disagree with each other when presented with the same evidence. As they are also ordinary social beings much can be explained by their different socialization experiences and especially their professional education. To better understand these difficulties it is suggested here that a visual ethnographic approach might be of value. Metaphorically scientists are either unwilling or unable to "see" the validity of the evidence presented to them. Therefore in order to demonstrate such valid yet varying interpretations of the same data, this brief visually enhanced essay focuses on two photographs that might defy agreement among viewers as each depends upon either prior knowledge and/or different orientations to the subject/object.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Adam, B., Beck, U., & Van Loon, J. (Eds.). (2000). The risk society and beyond: Critical issues for social theory. Sage.
Amole, G. (1983, August 16). Spicy meatballs order of the day. Rocky Mountain News, p. 4.
Bor, J., Himmelstein, D. U., & Woolhandler, S. (2021, June). Trump's policy failures have exacted a heavy toll on public health. Scientific American. Retrieved December 16, 2024, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/trumps-policy-failures-have-exacted-a-heavy-toll-on-public-health1/
Cicourel, A. (2004). Aaron Cicourel in conversation with Andreas Witzel and Günter Mey. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 5(3), Article 41. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/549/1186
Denzin, N. (2007). Analytic deduction. In Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology online. Retrieved June 14, 2014, from http://www.sociologyencyclopedia.com/public/LOGIN?sessionid=4b6c7f369ba6b11325fa92b8f61dee08&authstatuscode=404
Follari, J. B. (2014). Quantitative/qualitative: The Paleozoic debate. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 15(2). Retrieved June 9, 2014, from http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs140279
Gadamer, H.-G. (1996). Truth and method. New York, NY: Continuum.
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Aldine.
Haney, D. P. (2008). The Americanization of social science: Intellectuals and public responsibility in the postwar United States. Temple University Press.
Jackson, J. B. (1984). Discovering the vernacular landscape. Yale University Press.
Key, J. P. (1997). Research design in occupational education. Module R 14: Qualitative research. Retrieved March 10, 2014, from http://www.okstate.edu/ag/agedcm4h/academic/aged5980a/5980/newpage21.htm
Krase, J. (1982a). The Mediterranean-American neighborhood. Proceedings of the Mediterranean Sociopsychiatric Association, Second Mediterranean Congress of Social Psychiatry: Realities and Perspectives of Social Psychiatry in the Mediterranean Area. Udine, Italy.
Krase, J. (1982b). Lo spazio di Brooklyn. In Integrato Metropolitano: New York, Chicago, Torino tre volti dell’emigrazione italiana (pp. 135–142). Fondazione Giovanni Agnelli.
Krase, J. (1983a). Traces of home. Places: A Quarterly Journal of Environmental Design, 8(4), 46–55.
Krase, J. (1983b). The Italian American community: An essay on multiple social realities. In R. N. Juliani (Ed.), The family and community life of Italian Americans (pp. 95–108). American Italian Historical Association.
Krase, J. (2012). Seeing cities change: Local culture and class. Ashgate.
Krase, J. (2013). Seeing inclusion and the right to the city. In W.-D. Bukow et al. (Eds.), Inclusive city: Überlegungen zum Verhältnis von Mobilität und Diversität zur Stadtgesellschaft (pp. 23–42). VS Verlag.
Krase, J., & Shortell, T. (2013). Seeing Islam in global cities: A spatial semiotic analysis. In R. R. Williams (Ed.), Seeing religion: Toward a visual sociology of religion (pp. 61–84). Routledge.
Krase, J., & DeSena, J. N. (2023). COVID-19 in Brooklyn: Everyday life during a pandemic. Routledge.
Malpas, J. (2013). Hans-Georg Gadamer. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Winter ed.). Retrieved March 3, 2003, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2013/entries/gadamer/
Merton, R. K. (1968). Social theory and social structure. The Free Press.
Oevermann, U., Allert, T., Konau, E., & Krambeck, J. (1987). Structures of meaning and objective hermeneutics. In V. Meja et al. (Eds.), Modern German sociology (pp. 436–447). Columbia University Press.
Psathas, G. (Ed.). (1973). Phenomenological sociology: Issues and applications. John Wiley & Sons.
Ray, R., & Gibbons, A. (2021, November). Why are states banning critical race theory? Brookings. Retrieved December 16, 2024, from https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-are-states-banning-critical-race-theory/
Russo, F. (2006). The rationale of variation in methodological and evidential pluralism. Philosophica, 77, 97–123.
Small, M. L. (2009). How many cases do I need? On science and the logic of case selection in field-based research. Ethnography, 10(1), 5–38.
Sorokin, P. A. (1956). Fads and foibles in modern sociology. Henry Regnery.
Znaniecki, F. (1934). The method of sociology. Farrar & Rinehart.
Amole, G. (1983, August 16). Spicy meatballs order of the day. Rocky Mountain News, p. 4.
Bor, J., Himmelstein, D. U., & Woolhandler, S. (2021, June). Trump's policy failures have exacted a heavy toll on public health. Scientific American. Retrieved December 16, 2024, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/trumps-policy-failures-have-exacted-a-heavy-toll-on-public-health1/
Cicourel, A. (2004). Aaron Cicourel in conversation with Andreas Witzel and Günter Mey. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 5(3), Article 41. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/549/1186
Denzin, N. (2007). Analytic deduction. In Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology online. Retrieved June 14, 2014, from http://www.sociologyencyclopedia.com/public/LOGIN?sessionid=4b6c7f369ba6b11325fa92b8f61dee08&authstatuscode=404
Follari, J. B. (2014). Quantitative/qualitative: The Paleozoic debate. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 15(2). Retrieved June 9, 2014, from http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs140279
Gadamer, H.-G. (1996). Truth and method. New York, NY: Continuum.
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Aldine.
Haney, D. P. (2008). The Americanization of social science: Intellectuals and public responsibility in the postwar United States. Temple University Press.
Jackson, J. B. (1984). Discovering the vernacular landscape. Yale University Press.
Key, J. P. (1997). Research design in occupational education. Module R 14: Qualitative research. Retrieved March 10, 2014, from http://www.okstate.edu/ag/agedcm4h/academic/aged5980a/5980/newpage21.htm
Krase, J. (1982a). The Mediterranean-American neighborhood. Proceedings of the Mediterranean Sociopsychiatric Association, Second Mediterranean Congress of Social Psychiatry: Realities and Perspectives of Social Psychiatry in the Mediterranean Area. Udine, Italy.
Krase, J. (1982b). Lo spazio di Brooklyn. In Integrato Metropolitano: New York, Chicago, Torino tre volti dell’emigrazione italiana (pp. 135–142). Fondazione Giovanni Agnelli.
Krase, J. (1983a). Traces of home. Places: A Quarterly Journal of Environmental Design, 8(4), 46–55.
Krase, J. (1983b). The Italian American community: An essay on multiple social realities. In R. N. Juliani (Ed.), The family and community life of Italian Americans (pp. 95–108). American Italian Historical Association.
Krase, J. (2012). Seeing cities change: Local culture and class. Ashgate.
Krase, J. (2013). Seeing inclusion and the right to the city. In W.-D. Bukow et al. (Eds.), Inclusive city: Überlegungen zum Verhältnis von Mobilität und Diversität zur Stadtgesellschaft (pp. 23–42). VS Verlag.
Krase, J., & Shortell, T. (2013). Seeing Islam in global cities: A spatial semiotic analysis. In R. R. Williams (Ed.), Seeing religion: Toward a visual sociology of religion (pp. 61–84). Routledge.
Krase, J., & DeSena, J. N. (2023). COVID-19 in Brooklyn: Everyday life during a pandemic. Routledge.
Malpas, J. (2013). Hans-Georg Gadamer. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Winter ed.). Retrieved March 3, 2003, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2013/entries/gadamer/
Merton, R. K. (1968). Social theory and social structure. The Free Press.
Oevermann, U., Allert, T., Konau, E., & Krambeck, J. (1987). Structures of meaning and objective hermeneutics. In V. Meja et al. (Eds.), Modern German sociology (pp. 436–447). Columbia University Press.
Psathas, G. (Ed.). (1973). Phenomenological sociology: Issues and applications. John Wiley & Sons.
Ray, R., & Gibbons, A. (2021, November). Why are states banning critical race theory? Brookings. Retrieved December 16, 2024, from https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-are-states-banning-critical-race-theory/
Russo, F. (2006). The rationale of variation in methodological and evidential pluralism. Philosophica, 77, 97–123.
Small, M. L. (2009). How many cases do I need? On science and the logic of case selection in field-based research. Ethnography, 10(1), 5–38.
Sorokin, P. A. (1956). Fads and foibles in modern sociology. Henry Regnery.
Znaniecki, F. (1934). The method of sociology. Farrar & Rinehart.