Leaving Blacks Behind in Brooklyn
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Abstract
The Borough of Brooklyn, New York has evolved over the past half-millennium from a sparsely settled, lush woodland, to a bustling super-diverse, post-industrial city of almost three million residents. This essay looks at the experiences of those who, over that long period of time, have made their homes in this territory. The first Brooklynites, of course were Native Americans such as members of the Canarsie tribe, but since them there has been a virtual Roman Fountain of migrants and immigrants from every corner of the nation and the globe. This enormous population movement can easily be characterized as a series of what classical urban ecologists such called “invasions and successions” (Park, et al., 1925). Unfortunately, as a consequence of conflicts and competitions over Brooklyn spaces and resources, there has been an unequal, and inequitable, distribution of public goods to “winners” and “losers.” Here we will address that, periodically troubled, history from a “distributive social justice” perspective, with a special focus on those of African descent (Rawls & Kelly, 2003). that will also be prefaced by the United Nations “17 Sustainable Development Goals” (United Nations, 2022).
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https://doi.org/10.61439/ZUNB5645
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Gelman, A., Fagan, J. & Kiss, A. (2007). An analysis of the New York City Police Department’s ‘Stop-and-Frisk’ Policy in the context of claims of racial bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 102, 813-823. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/published/frisk9.pdf
Gould, K. A. & Lewis, T. L. (2017). Green Gentrification: Urban sustainability and the Struggle for Environmental Justice. Routledge Equity.
Greer, S. (1965). Urban Renewal and American Cities. Bobbs-Merrill Company.
Harvey, D. (1973). Social Justice and the City. Blackwell.
Heiman, A. (1986). Nonsolicitation and Cease and Desist Orders Against Real Estate Brokers in New York. Fordham Urban Law Journal. 15, (3). https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1533&context=ulj
Hillier, A. E. (2003). Redlining and the home owners’ loan corporation. Journal of Urban History. 29(4), 394–420.
Holzman, M. H. (2012). A Rotting Apple: Education Redlining in New York City. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
Howell, R. (2018). Boss of Black Brooklyn: The Life and Times of Bertram L. Baker. Fordham University Press.
Jones-Brown, D. (2010, March). Stop, Question & Frisk Policing Practices in New York City: A Primer. https://static.prisonpolicy.org/scans/PRIMER_electronic_version.pdf
Jou, S-C., Clark, E. & Chen, H-W. (2016). Gentrification and Revanchist Urbanism in Taipei?. Urban Studies 53 (3), 560-576.
Knapp Commission. (1973). The Knapp Commission Report on Police 1973. George Braziller
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Krase, J. (1982). Self and Community in the City. University Press of America.
Krase, J. & LaCerra, C. (1992). Ethnicity and Machine Politics: The Madison Club of Brooklyn. University Press of America.
Krase, J. & DeSena, J. N. (in press). COVID-19 in Brooklyn: Everyday life during a pandemic. Routledge.
Krase, J. & DeSena, J. N. (2016). Race, Class, and Gentrification in Brooklyn: A View from the Street. Lexington Books.
Krase, J. & Shortell, T. (2013). Seeing New York City’s Financial Crisis in the Vernacular Landscape. In K. Fujita (Ed.), Crisis and Cities: New Critical Urban Theory (pp. 188–217). Sage.
Krase, J. (2016). Seeing residential (im)mobilities in New York City. Cultural Studies, 30(3), 376–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2015.1113631
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ALees, L. (2003). Super-gentrification: The Case of Brooklyn Heights. Urban Studies, 40(12), 2487–2509.
Lewis, K. & Burd-Sharps, S. (2019, March 13). The Pace, and Face, of Gentrification: Population Change in Five Brooklyn Neighborhoods. The Center for New York City Affairs, The New School. http://www.centernyc.org/the-pace-and-face-of-gentrification Accessed June 16, 2021.
Lupo, A., Colcord, F., & P. Fowler, E. P. (1971). Rites of Way. Little, Brown and Company.
Malanga, S. (2008). The Death and Life of Bushwick. City Journal, Spring 2008 https://www.city-journal.org/html/death-and-life-bushwick-13083.html?wallit_nosession=1
Manoni, M. (1973). Bedford-Stuyvesant: The Anatomy of a Central City Community. Quadrangle Books.
Massey, D. S. (1994). Space, Place, and Gender. University of Minnesota Press.
McGeehan, P. (2011, October 25). Report Lays Out State’s Great Gains and Losses from Globalization. New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/nyregion/report-details-globalization-effects-in-new-york.html?ref=todayspaper
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Moynihan, D. P. (1963). Beyond the Melting Pot. MIT and Harvard University Press.
Muzzio, D. (2021). Voting Rights Act. Gotham Gazette https://www.gothamgazette.com/index.php/about/1856-voting-rights-act
Northwood, L.K., & A.T. Barth. (1965). Urban Desegregation: Negro Pioneers and their White Neighbors. University of Washington Press.
Norwood, C. (1974). About Paterson. Harper and Row.
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. (1968). Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Bantam Books.
New York Post. (2015, December 28). Police Corruption Scandals that Rocked New York City. The New York Post. https://nypost.com/dispatch/5-police-corruption-scandals-that-rocked-new-york-city/
Olander, C. (2015). Unjust Urbanities: Spatially Reinforcing Patterns of Segregation. Proceedings of the 10th International Space Syntax Symposium, 112. http://www.sss10.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2015/07/SSS10_Proceedings_112.pdf
Omi, M. & Winant, H. (1994). Racial Formation in the United States from the 1960s to the 1990s. Routledge
Park, R.E., Burgess, E.W. & McKensie, R.D. (1925). The City. University of Chicago Press.
Paul, A. & K. Baker. (1977). Economic investment and the Future of Neighborhoods. NYC Commission on Human Rights.
Pereira, S., Dobkin, J., & Akpan, N. (2021, January 31). City Reveals White New Yorkers Have Received Lion's Share Of COVID-19 Vaccine Doses,” The Gothamist, https://gothamist.com/news/white-new-yorkers-triple-nyc-covid-19-vaccine-doses
Piven, F. F, & Cloward, R. A. (1971). Regulating the Poor. Pantheon Books.
Powell, M. & Roberts, J. (2009, May 15). Minorities Affected Most as New York Foreclosures Rise. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/16/nyregion/16foreclose.html
Rawls, J., & E. Kelly. (2003). Justice as Fairness: A Reinstatement. Harvard University Press.
Richardson, J., Mitchell, B., & Franco, J. (2020). Shifting Neighborhoods: Gentrification and Cultural Displacement in American Cities. NCRC RESEARCH. https://ncrc.org/gentrification/
Roberts, S. (2010). Recession Takes Toll on City, Census Survey Shows. New York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/28/recession-takes-toll-on-city-census-survey-shows/
Sarlin, K, & Lootens, A. (2010, June 8). Consumer Affairs Commissioner Jonathan Mintz Announces Expansion of the City’s Financial Empowerment Centers to Include Counseling in Chinese, Homeownership and Foreclosure Prevention Counseling and Counseling for Homebound New Yorkers. NYC Government. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dca/html/pr2010/pr_060810.shtml
Sassen, S. (2009). When Local Housing becomes an Electronic Instrument: The Global Circulation of Mortgages—A Research Note.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 33 (2), 441-526.
Schott Foundation for Public Education. (2012). A Rotting Apple: Education Redlining in New York City. Schott Foundation for Public Education. https://schottfoundation.org/resource/a-rotting-apple-education-redlining-in-new-york-city/
Schwartz, J. (1993). The New York Approach: Robert Moses, Urban Liberals, and Redevelopment of the Inner City. Ohio State University Press.
Shapiro, E. (2021, March 10). Lawsuit Challenging N.Y.C. School Segregation Targets Gifted Programs. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/09/nyregion/nyc-schools-segregation-lawsuit.html
Sheller, M. & Urry, J. (2006). The New Mobilities Paradigm. Environment and Planning, 38 (2), 207–226.
Smith, N. (1998). Giuliani Time: The Revanchist 1990s. Social Text. 57, 1–20.
Stevens, S. (1971). Instant Urban Renewal. New York Times, June 19. https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/19/archives/instant-urban-renewal.html
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